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Comparison of the Antibacterial Activity of Jeruk Sambal (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) Peel Extract Against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has increased the need to explore plant-based sources of antibacterial agents. This study evaluated the phytochemical constituents and compared the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of jeruk sambal (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) peels against gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). A laboratory experimental study was performed using a completely randomized design with a post-test-only control group. Phytochemical compounds were identified through qualitative screening, while antibacterial activity was measured using the disc diffusion method. The extract contained phenolics (+++), flavonoids (+++), alkaloids (++), saponins (+), and tannins (+). Inhibition of gram negative bacteria was observed at 60% and 80%, with inhibition zones of 7.80 and 7.83 mm, respectively. For gram positive bacteria, inhibition occurred at 40%, 60%, and 80%, measuring 6.93, 8.88, and 10.25 mm, respectively. The extract showed moderate antibacterial activity, with stronger inhibition against gram positive bacteria 60% concentration demonstrated the most effective activity against both bacteria.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2026.152.1777-1783
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