Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry is an open access, peer-reviewed journal, published to attract and disseminate innovative and expert findings in the fields of plant, animal, and microorganism secondary metabolite, and also the effect of natural product on biological system as a reference source for researchers in these fields, and with the aim to set international standards in their methodology. Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry is published twice a year, in April and October. Starting from Volume 10 Number 1 2021, all manuscripts will be published online as soon as the revision is approved (no time constraints). This journal is published by the Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity. Scientific feedback (short communication) is only received for manuscript, which criticize published article before. Manuscripts will be reviewed by managing editor and invited peer review according to their disciplines. The only articles written in English (U.S. English) are accepted for publication. Communications can be addressed to the Support Contact for accelerating evaluation. A letter of statement expressing that the author(s) is responsible for the original content of manuscript, the result for author(s)'s research and never been published must be attached.
Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity
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Evaluation of Selected Pharmacological Properties of a Polyherbal Extract (Aju Mbaise) in Experimental Rats
Aju Mbaise, an herbal combination widely utilized in southeastern Nigeria for managing postpartum complications and alleviating menstrual pain, was evaluated for analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diarrheal properties in rats. Specific objectives included evaluating anti-diarrheal effects, examining anti-inflammatory effects and assessing analgesic properties of the herbal combination. The study involved subjecting the Aju Mbaise polyherbal extract (APE) to phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity testing. Anti-diarrheal effects were evaluated by administering charcoal as a meal and using castor oil-induced models. Anti-inflammatory effects were assessed through the carrageenan-induced paw oedema model, and analgesic properties were examined using the acetic acid-induced pain model. Phytochemical analysis identified alkaloids, tannins, phenols, steroids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids, and saponins in the extract. The acute toxicity value exceeded 5000 mg/kg body weight, indicating safety. In animal studies, APE exhibited significant inhibitory effects on intestinal motility, reduced wet stool frequency, and influenced the castor oil-induced diarrhoea and enhanced anti-inflammatory activities. Additionally, it demonstrated a reduction in acetic acid-induced pain in rats. The APE with its diverse phytochemical composition, possesses anti-diarrheal, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. However, further research is needed to establish ideal dosages and potential adverse effects.
Copyright (c) 2025 Robert Ikechukwu Uroko, Nnah Solomon Ijioma, Henry Nnaemeka Ogbonna, Nancy Oluomachi Uchenna
Physicochemical Characterization and Dissolution Enhancement of Mefenamic Acid–Isonicotinamide Crystalline Solid Dispersion
Poor aqueous solubility limits the bioavailability of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like mefenamic acid. This study aims to improve the solubility and dissolution of mefenamic acid through crystalline solid dispersions using solvent evaporation and co-grinding techniques with selected co-formers. Solid dispersions were formulated at different drug-to-co-former ratios (1:1, 1:2, and 2:1) and characterized using differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. DSC results revealed reduced crystallinity, indicated by the disappearance of melting peaks and the appearance of a single glass transition temperature. FTIR analysis confirmed hydrogen bonding between the drug and co-former, while PXRD patterns showed a loss of long-range order, supporting the formation of amorphous phases. Dissolution testing demonstrated a significant increase in drug release, particularly in the 1:2 formulation, which outperformed the pure drug and other ratios. These results confirm that the choice of preparation method and co-former ratio critically influence the performance of solid dispersions. This study provides valuable insights into the design of improved oral formulations for poorly soluble drugs, contributing to the advancement of pharmaceutical technology
Copyright (c) 2025 Indra, Nurul Apriani, Ade Yeni Aprillia, Winda Trisna Wulandari, Gatut Ari Wardani, Firman Gustaman
Cytogenotoxicity Test and Biological Evaluation of Curculigo latifolia Extract with Bioindicators Allium cepa L. var. aggregate
Curculigo latifolia plants have secondary metabolites that can suppress cell division. Compounds that suppress cell division can be used as anticancer drug candidates. This research aims to determine the effect of C. latifolia root extract on cell division and genotoxic effects using bioindicator A. cepa L. var. aggregatum. This study was conducted experimentally with a completely randomized design (CRD) using 6 treatment levels and 5 replications. The treatment levels in this study were K (water), K + (H2O2 300 Mm), K - (H2O2 26 hours + water 46 hours) and a combination of treatments at P1, P2, and P3 with H2O2 immersion (26 hours) and continued immersion of C. latifolia root extract concentrations of 400 µg mL-1, 600 µg mL-1 and 800 µg mL-1 (46 hours). The roots of A. cepa from the soaking treatment of C. latifolia extract were used to make preparations using the squash method. The results of the ANOVA test showed that the administration of C. latifolia root extract had a significant effect on the mitotic index and cell abnormalities (P<0.05). P1 had the most effective value in reducing the mitotic index and cell chromosome abnormalities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Susan Susanti, Nelis Hernahadini, Subagio Joko Suprapto, Haryanto Haryanto
The Acoustic Material Constructed by the Fiber of Eichhornia crassipes and Banana Peel as a Sound Pollutant-reducing Solution
This study aims to evaluate and compare the effect of the composition of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) with a banana peel on the absorption coefficient value as a composite material for absorbing sound waves. The cellulose within the water hyacinth and banana peel lead to reduced overload sound waves. This study used an experimental method providing banana peel crushed into powder, water hyacinth fiber, and resin (as a catalyst). All samples were prepared with dimensions of 13.5 cm × 25 cm × 0.8 cm. A frequency generator application was used as the sound source (125, 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz), while a sound meter application measured sound intensity (dB). The results indicated that the outer surface of sample D had a superior absorption coefficient, measuring 0.51 at 250 Hz and 0.45 at 2000 Hz. Meanwhile, the inner surface of sample D recorded absorption coefficients of 0.46 at 250 Hz and 0.45 at 2000 Hz. Variations in absorption values were attributed to destructive interference and saturation. Sample D contained more water hyacinth (approximately 30%) than banana peel powder. This suggests that water hyacinth and banana peel powder are viable natural fiber alternatives for sound wave absorption.
Copyright (c) 2025 Regita Dimar Asyurra, Avivah Afra Amatullah, Annisa Zaskia Putri, Mayshilla Anatayya Putri Zevly, Angga Puja Asiandu, Widya Sari
Macroscopic, Microscopic, and Phytochemical Screening Analysis of Medicinal Plants in Nagari Lasi, West Sumatra
Indonesia is one of the countries titled “Megabiodiversity”, which has a high level of biodiversity, including medicinal plants. Medicinal plants utilize various parts of plants, such as roots, leaves, stems, and fruits for prevention, treatment, and pain relief. Nagari Lasi has great potential in the diversity of medicinal plants, but their utilization by the community is still limited due to a lack of knowledge. This study aims to identify the content of bioactive compounds in medicinal plants through macroscopic, microscopic, and phytochemical screening. The methods include organoleptic observation, macroscopic and microscopic analysis, and phytochemical tests. Of the 150 plant samples, the results showed that 78 samples contained alkaloids, 115 samples contained phenolics, 129 samples contained flavonoids, 75 samples contained steroids, 21 samples contained triterpenoids, and 119 samples contained saponins. This study provides basic information regarding the phytochemical content of medicinal plants in Nagari Lasi as a first step in developing traditional medicine.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tika Afriani, Devahimer Harsep Rosi, Winda Mailinda
Antimicrobial Properties of Endophytic Fungal Culture Filtrates from Tinospora crispa
Endophytic fungi can produce bioactive compounds that are useful as antimicrobials. This study evaluates the antimicrobial potential of culture filtrate extracts derived from endophytic fungi isolated from the medicinal plant Tinospora crispa. Isolation was carried out from the roots, leaves, and stems of T. crispa, which were then identified based on the ITS gene. The culture filtrate was extracted using ethyl acetate and assessed for antimicrobial activity using the disc diffusion method against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. A total of 3 endophytic fungal isolates were isolated and identified as Acrocalymma vagum, Diaporthe tulliensis, and Colletotrichum truncatum. The results showed that all culture filtrate extracts of the fungal endophyte isolates exhibited varying antimicrobial activity, with the highest antibacterial activity demonstrated by C. truncatum isolates against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The most significant anticandida activity was by D. tulliensis isolates. Endophytic fungi of medicinal plant T. crispa can be developed as a source of antimicrobial agents, especially to overcome the increasing antibiotics resistance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Oktira Roka Aji, Karomah Indah Fitria, Naresh Wari Mega Vianingtyas, Adelyanty Pangestuty Wicaksono
In Vitro Evaluation of the Antibacterial Properties of Lime Mistletoe (Dendrophthoe petandra (L.) Miq.) Extract Against Escherichia coli
The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria necessitates the exploration of alternative antimicrobial agents derived from natural sources. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of lime mistletoe (Dendrophthoe petandra (L.) Miq.) extract against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 using the disc diffusion method. Extract concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% were prepared alongside negative (distilled water) and positive (Cefadroxil) controls. Nutrient Agar (NA) media were inoculated with E. coli and discs impregnated with each concentration were placed on the media, followed by incubation at 37°C for 24 hours. The inhibition zones were measured to assess antibacterial activity. Results demonstrated a concentration-dependent increase in antibacterial efficacy, with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 8.3 mm at 20% extract to 20.3 mm at 100% extract concentration. The highest concentration’s inhibition zone was comparable to that of Cefadroxil (22.5 mm). No inhibition was observed in the negative control. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences between treatment groups (p < 0.05). The antibacterial activity of lime mistletoe extract is likely due to its bioactive phytochemicals such as flavonoids and phenolics, which are known to disrupt bacterial cell membranes and inhibit microbial growth. These findings suggest that Dendrophthoe petandra extract holds potential as a natural antibacterial agent, providing an alternative to conventional antibiotics amid growing resistance issues. Further studies involving isolation of active compounds, toxicity evaluation, and in vivo testing are recommended to validate its clinical applicability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lisa Savitri, Juan Vega Mahardika, Novirma Yanti, Syntia Tanu Juwita
Identification of Gamma-Aminobutyricacid (GABA) of Tempeh Made from Koro Kratok (Phaseolus lunatus) Bean and Beluntas (Plunchea indica) Leaves as Glucose Stabilizer
The tempeh available on the market is predominantly made from imported soybeans, but alternative formulations using locally sourced legumes, such as koro kratok (Phaseolus lunatus), have been explored. This study investigates the potential of koro kratok tempeh enriched with Plunchea indica (beluntas) leaves to improve its functionality. The study will evaluate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels and physicochemical changes during fermentation. Tempeh was produced using different koro kratok-to-P. indica leaf ratios (100:0, 75:25, and 50:50). Key parameters observed included mycelium development and the content of fat, moisture, ash, protein, carbohydrates, and pH. Adding P. indica increased the fat content by 0.66–2.28%, the moisture content by 68.81–78.42%, and the ash content by 0.36–1.09%. Meanwhile, the protein content ranged from 6.62–8.87%, the carbohydrate content from 12.07–21.31%, and the pH between 4.21–4.25. The inclusion of P. indica also altered the profile of dominant volatile compounds. GABA was detected in all samples, and in vivo studies showed improved blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance in prediabetic rats. These results suggest that koro kratok tempeh enriched with P. indica leaves could be a promising functional food for regulating blood glucose.
Copyright (c) 2025 Istiqomah, Dina Mustika Rini, Larisa Tania, Sholihatil Hidayati, Mohammad Rofik Usman
Proximate Analysis and Chemical Constituents of Psychotria latistipula Benth. (Rubiaceae) Leaves
Psychotria latistipula Benth. (Rubiaceae), a traditional Nigerian medicinal plant recognised for its effectiveness in treating cancer, tumours, bronchial and gastrointestinal disorders was investigated for its chemical constituents by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) technique; also, proximate analysis was done to determine the composition of moisture, crude protein, crude fiber, fat, carbohydrate, and ash contents, which had not been previously reported. P. latistipula leaves were extracted by maceration using acetone and hexane (1:1). The proximate analysis indicated that the leaves of P. latistipula contain moisture, crude protein, crude fiber, fat, carbohydrate, and ash contents of 8.91±0.14, 12.43±0.05, 20.78±0.66, 2.28±0.06, 50.34±0.79, and 5.27±0.16%, respectively, demonstrating a notably high carbohydrate content. The GC-MS identified twenty-eight compounds, making up 93.08% of the total. The dominant classes of these compounds included fatty acid esters, saturated fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, and unsaturated fatty acid aldehydes accounting for 19.27%, 18.71%, 13.77% and 13.36% of the total, respectively. Octadecanoic acid (14.03%) was the major compound in P. latistipula leaves acetone-hexane extract. Notably, Octadecanoic acid is known for its potential anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant properties, which indicates P. latistipula could serve as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer agents further justifying its ethnomedicinal use.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samuel Akinniyi Odewo, Olayombo Margaret Banwo
Stability Test and Antioxidant Activity Test of Sheet Mask Preparation of Avocado Peel (Persea americana Mill) Ethanol Extract with DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Pikrilhydrazil) method
The avocado plant (Persea americana Mill) is known to have various benefits, one of which is in the skin of the fruit which contains flavonoid compounds as antioxidants. This antioxidant compound has the potential to be used as an active ingredient in various cosmetic preparations, one of which is sheet masks. This study aims to determine the physical quality, stability, and antioxidant activity of avocado peel ethanol extract formulated in sheet mask preparation. This study uses a quantitative method with an experimental design, and applies a complete random design (RAL) consisting of three variations of extract concentration, namely 2%, 4%, and 6%. Physical quality evaluation includes organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, adhesion, and viscosity, as well as stability tests using the cycling test method for six cycles. Antioxidant activity was tested using the DPPH method to determine the IC50 value. The results show that all formulas meet good physical quality. The 6% formula has the best stability with a pH of 5.79±0.062, an adhesion of 3.60 ± 0.130 seconds, and a viscosity of 9490.67 ± 27.57 cP. Statistical tests showed no significant changes in pH (p = 0.385), adhesion (p = 0.833), and viscosity (p = 1.000). The antioxidant activity test showed that Sheet mask with a concentration of 6% had an IC50 value of 198.11 ppm and was classified as having weak antioxidant activity, while avocado peel ethanol extract had an IC50 value of 53.11 ppm and was classified as having strong antioxidant activity. So it can be concluded that sheet mask preparations have good physical quality and are stable during storage, but the antioxidant activity of avocado peel extract is higher than sheet mask preparations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Uswatun Khasanah, Yetti Hariningsih, Syamsul Ma'arif, Hery Prambudi
Molecular Method Optimization to Identify Plasmodium falciparum Multidrug Resistance 1 (pfmdr1) gene as a Predictor of Antimalarial Resistance
Several approaches have been designed to control malaria, a disease with high morbidity and mortality, but they face some hurdles. Antimalarial resistance is one of the major challenges for malaria elimination, so the detection of antimalarial resistance is essential. Several molecular markers for antimalarial resistance have been identified, including Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance 1 (pfmdr1) gene. This study determined the optimization of molecular techniques to identify the pfmdr1 gene as an antimalarial resistance predictor in Indonesia. The study included patients diagnosed with uncomplicated or severe malaria originating from the health district of Kerom Regency, Papua Province, and Dr. Soebandi Hospital, Jember, East Java Province. Blood samples were collected in the Whatmann filer paper after informed consent. DNA was isolated from dried blood filter paper, and nested PCR was performed using a specific primer, the pfmdr1-A and pfmdr1-B genes. The PCR cycle was optimized based on previous studies. The pfmdr1-A has a similar setting to the earlier study, but the pfmdr1-B had a different optimum setting from the previous study with the annealing temperature of 57oC for nested-1 and 62oC for nested-2. This PCR setting could be used for further examination. The positive results of the amplification indicated the potential for antimalarial resistance in the parasite population. A study on the gene copy number and polymorphism is essential to determine the definitive conclusion on antimalarial resistance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Erma Sulistyaningsih, Rosita Dewi, Sheilla Rachmania, Irawan Fajar Kusuma, Muhammad Rizqi Kholifaturrohmy, Yunita Armiyanti, Sakinatus Sariroh Kholifaturrohmah, Made Prasanti Andriani
Effect of Modified Kimpul Flour Substitution and Glycerol Monostearate Concentration on The Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Sweet Bread
Wheat flour is the primary ingredient in sweet bread production, yet its import-dependent supply in countries like Indonesia prompts the need for alternative local ingredients. Kimpul tuber (Xanthosoma sagittifolium), rich in carbohydrates, presents a promising substitute, though its native starch properties are less suitable for baking. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of substituting wheat flour with heat moisture treatment (HMT)-modified kimpul flour and the addition of glycerol monostearate (GMS) on the physicochemical and sensory properties of sweet bread. A factorial completely randomized design was applied using three wheat-to-kimpul flour ratios (3:1, 1:1, and 1:3) and three GMS concentrations (2%, 3%, and 4%). Results showed that higher kimpul flour substitution increased moisture and carbohydrate content but reduced protein and fat levels. Textural properties such as hardness and adhesiveness also increased with kimpul content, but these were mitigated by the addition of GMS, particularly at 3%. The optimal formulation 1:1 wheat-to-kimpul ratio with 3% GMS produced sweet bread with the best overall sensory acceptance. The findings suggest that HMT-modified kimpul flour combined with GMS can serve as a functional and acceptable alternative to wheat flour in bread production. This supports food diversification strategies and promotes the utilization of local tuber-based flours in bakery applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Siti Nurlaela Setianingsih, Rizky Muliani Dwi Ujianti, Iffah Muflihati, Fafa Nurdyansyah, Mega Novita, Diva Julia Paramita, Shindi Nofitasari, Dola Mareta Anggarini, Abdillah Fathan Generus Annajah
Identification of Total Coliform Bacteria in Processed Enbal Food in Several Traditional Markets in Ambon City
Enbal is a traditional food from Maluku, originally from the Kei Islands, made from bitter cassava (Manihot esculenta). This processed food product holds significant historical and cultural value. However, enbal can become a source of illness if not prepared properly, leading to contamination and an increased risk of foodborne diseases. This study aimed to determine the microbiological quality through total plate count (TPC) analysis and bacterial identification of enbal at several traditional markets in Ambon City. It was a descriptive observational study with a true experimental laboratory approach. The TPC results for enbal food samples from Mardika market ranged from 14.5 × 102 CFU/g to 4.85 × 104 CFU/g, Waiheru market ranged from 8.3 × 102 CFU/g to 3.2 × 105 CFU/g, Batu Merah market ranged from 11.0 × 104 to 3.0 × 105 CFU/g, and Passo market ranged from 2.4 × 102 CFU/g to 3.75 × 105 CFU/g. The results of bacterial species identification from the four enbal food samples revealed Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Thus, it can be concluded that the four enbal samples examined are safe for consumption as they do not exceed the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 01-2997-1996, which is 1 x 106 CFU/g.
Copyright (c) 2025 Salmin Safril Nahumarury, Melda Yunita, Anggun Lestary Husein, Effendi Effendi
Washed Erythrocyte (WE) Bag Bacteria Brevundimonas vesicularis Identification at the Blood Donor Unit PMI DKI Jakarta
A Packed Red Cell (PRC) component known as a washed erythrocyte (WE) has undergone two to three washings with sterile physiological saline to get rid of 99% of the plasma protein, antibodies, and some leukocytes. The goal of this study was to use Bact/alert media to detect the presence or absence of bacteria (anaerobes or aerobes) in WE blood components because there is a chance that germs from the environment could contaminate WE processing because it is still an open system and the manufacturing is still exposed to the elements. Blood samples come from WE blood products that have undergone quality checks for bacterial contamination in a lab dedicated to product quality. Checking for bacterial contamination in the blood involves utilizing the Bact / Alert tool to examine bacterial contamination. Blood product aerobic (BPA) and blood product anaerobic (BPN) media are used in the culture of blood product sample on Bact/alert. Aside from 1 (2.44%) component sample of WE blood that was identified as bacteria in BPA media, the results of the 41 samples examined in 2020 showed that there was aerobic bacterial contamination in BPA media but no anaerobic bacterial contamination in BPN media. This was confirmed by the examination of samples on BPN media, which yielded negative results in 41 samples (100%) and positive results from none of the 41 samples. The results of identification at the Microbiology Laboratory at the University of Indonesia showed that the aerobic bacteria that contaminated washed erythrocyte (WE) blood products on BPA microbiology media were Brevundimonas vesicularis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Widia Rahmatullah, Rina Oktaviyanti, Resmi Aini, Rudina Azimata R., Reska Handayani
Formulation and Evaluation of Spirulina-Based Gel with Varying Carbopol Concentrations for Anti-Acne Activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis
Spirulina platensis is a blue-green microalga known for its antibacterial properties, offering potential as a natural alternative in acne treatment. Acne vulgaris, often caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis, requires effective topical solutions. Gels are favored for their non-greasy texture, ease of application, and good skin absorption. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate anti-acne gels containing 25% Spirulina extract with varying Carbopol concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%). Each formulation was assessed for physical properties, stability over 21 days, and antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis. All gel formulations met quality standards for pH, homogeneity, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesiveness. The gel with 0.5% Carbopol (FI) showed the best spreadability, ideal viscosity, and good adhesiveness, along with the highest antibacterial activity, exhibiting an inhibition zone of 16.5 mm—comparable to tetracycline. In conclusion, Spirulina-based gel with 0.5% Carbopol offers an effective, stable, and natural anti-acne option. These findings highlight the potential of Spirulina as a bioactive agent in topical formulations and encourage further research for clinical applications in acne management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Emmellia Yunitha, Anita Nilawati, Mega Novita, Dian Marlina
Antimalaria Potential and Toxicological Evaluation of Synclisia scabrida (Miers) Ex Oliv Methanol Root Extract in Plasmodium berghei-infected Mice Model
Despite the artemisinin-based combination therapy for malaria treatment, it remains a public health concern globally. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel antimalarial drugs to arrest this perceived threat to global malaria control. This study aims to investigate the antimalarial potential of S. scabrida (SS) and evaluate its possible effect on haematological and biochemical parameters. Malaria was inoculated in mice using Plasmodium berghei. After 72 h, they were orally treated for four days as follows: Group 1: 10 mL/kg % Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO); Group 2: 140 mg/kg Artemether/lumefantrine; Groups 3, 4 and 5: 500, 250, 125 mg/kg SS methanolic extract, respectively. SS methanolic extract significantly reduced parasite density and percentage parasitemia (p < 0.05) at all doses used in the study, non-significantly increased haematological, biochemical parameters and distorted liver architecture; when compared to the negative control. SS methanolic extract exhibited good antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei. Lower SS dose did not cause significant changes to the lipid profiles. However, the high dose may not be safe since there were some adverse effects shown on the liver and kidney status. Further studies are warranted to determine the effect of the middle and the lowest doses on the liver and kidney.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ogochukwu Ngozi Nwaefulu, John Ihechukwu Nwafor, Daniel Lotanna Ajaghaku, Ngozi Ezinwanne Amuchie, Blessing Akporotu
Investigating Genetic Vulnerability to Environmental Exposures and Associated Lung Diseases: A Bioinformatics Study
Lung diseases induced by environmental exposures such as air pollution, cigarette smoke, and industrial particles remain a significant global health concern, contributing to high morbidity and mortality rates. Genetic variations are known to influence individual responses to environmental exposures, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions are not well understood. This study aims to identify genetic variants, specifically Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), that may increase the risk of lung diseases using a bioinformatics approach. The analysis was conducted by integrating various public genetic databases, including PheWAS, GWAS Catalog, HaploReg v4.2, GTEx Portal, and Ensembl Genome Browser. SNPs were filtered based on p-value < 0.05 and odds ratio (OR) > 1. Missense mutations in selected SNPs were further analyzed for gene expression in lung tissue and distribution across populations. From an initial 151 SNPs, 86 met the statistical criteria, and six were identified as missense variants. Two genes, TNIP1 and PSMB8, showed significantly high expression in lung tissue. SNP rs2071543 in PSMB8 exhibited a strong correlation with increased gene expression and demonstrated notable allele frequency variation across populations. These findings suggest that genetic variations, particularly in PSMB8, may contribute to individual susceptibility to lung diseases induced by environmental exposures. This study highlights the importance of multidatabase analysis in identifying genetic biomarkers and provides a foundation for the development of precision therapies for multifactorial lung diseases.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Farid, Ardestya Rastrani, Shaldhan Bayu Yuska
Sensitive and Selective Chromatographic Method to Determine Vanadium in Commercial Phosphoric Acid
The spectrophotometric method adopting N-Benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine was exechted for ascertaining vanadium in environmental samples. high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system equipped with a C18 RP column was used to determine vanadium in wet phosphoric acid and phosphate samples. A rapid pre-column response of vanadium with 5-Br-PADAP was used without prior separation or adding any masking agents. The results showed that, the chelates were detected after being injected through the column by UV- Vis detector at wavelength 585 nm. The molar absorptivity is 5.5 x104 and the retention time is 6.3 minutes. The sensitivity of this reagent is equal to twice as high as the use of (PAR) reagent. The RSD was 1.7% for weak concentrations to 0.22% for high concentrations and the relative error (RE) was between 3.21% and 1.07%. In conclusion the method of the currently study was found highly sensitive and selective and the results show a good accuracy and precision.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hassan Pyar, Abdul Rahman Wahoud
The Antivirulence Mechanisms of Phytate Against Pathogenic Bacteria in Skin Infections
Skin infections caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Propionibacterium acnes are often a common health problem. One treatment is antibiotics, but the cases of antibiotic resistance are increasing. Thus, new treatment alternatives are needed. This study aimed to analyze the molecular mechanism of phytate antivirulence against pathogenic bacteria of skin infection. This study used a bioinformatics approach involving analysis of phytate interactions with bacterial virulent proteins via STITCH, functional classification of proteins with VICMpred, and prediction of virulence properties using VirulentPred. B-cell and MHC epitopes were analyzed using IEDB, while protein subcellular location was determined through PSORTb. The results showed that phytate interacted specifically with virulent proteins in all three bacteria, most of which functioned in cellular and metabolic processes. These virulent proteins also have immunologically relevant epitopes. Subcellular location analysis showed that phytate protein targets were dispersed in the cytoplasmic membrane and cytoplasm. These findings indicated that phytate has a significant antivirulence mechanism by targeting virulent proteins of skin pathogenic bacteria, thus potentially becoming a therapeutic agent to treat skin infections while reducing antibiotic resistance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nabilatul Zhofiroh, Rian Ka Praja, Elsa Trinovita, Ysrafil Ysrafil, Ranintha BR Surbakti
Nigella Sativa Oil Protects Against Aluminium Chloride-Induced Cognitive Impairment Via Modulation of Cholinergic Activity, Brain Neurotransmitter, and Oxidative Stress
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and memory impairment, with no known cure. This study investigated the potential protective effects of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) on aluminium chloride-induced cognitive impairment in Wistar rats. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups. Group I received 1 ml/kg of distilled water. Groups II-IV were administered aluminium chloride (100 mg/kg). Groups III and IV were co-treated with NSO at 1 ml/kg and 2 ml/kg, respectively. Neurobehavioral assessments (Morris water maze and Y-maze) were performed, followed by biochemical analysis of brain tissues. Aluminium chloride significantly (p < 0.05) impaired spatial learning and memory and decreased the percentage of alternation. It also significantly (p < 0.05) increased acetylcholinesterase level, glutamate concentration, and malondialdehyde level, and decreased antioxidant markers. Meanwhile, Nigella sativa oil (1 ml/kg and 2 ml/kg) significantly (p < 0.05) improved learning ability and spatial memory, and increased percentage alternation in the Y-maze test. Nigella sativa oil also significantly (p < 0.05) decreases acetylcholinesterase, glutamate, and malondialdehyde, and increases antioxidant biomarkers. This study showed that Nigella sativa oil can improve cognitive and spatial learning functions via modulation of cholinergic activity, brain neurotransmitters, and oxidative stress.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayodeji Oluwatobi Ojetunde, Abdulwahab Alhassan, Ibrahim Suleiman, Ahmed Sherif Isa
Extracellular Metabolites of Clove-Endophytic Bacteria, Niallia nealsonii DCL1, Exhibit Potential Cellular Antioxidant and Antiaging Activities
The clove plant, Syzygium aromaticum L., is a highly valued spice in Indonesia, recognized for its extensive applications in food preservation and medicinal uses. In a prior study, six endophytic bacteria were successfully isolated from clove leaves. One of these isolates, designated as DCL1, is a Gram-positive bacterium identified as Niallia nealsonii. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant and antiaging properties of the extracellular metabolite of DCL1. Extracellular metabolites were extracted with ethyl acetate and evaluated for antioxidant activity via the DPPH assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid compounds were also quantified with further metabolilte profiling using Liquid Chromatography Tandem-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Further study of antiaging activity was assayed using yeast model Schizosacchromyces pombe. The extract from N. nealsonii DCL1 cultures harvested at 28 and 40 hours yielded 0.01% and 0.009%, respectively. Our findings indicate that the 40-hour extract contains higher levels of phenolics (93.54 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract) and flavonoids (12.09 mg quercetin equivalents/g extract) compared to the 28-hour extract. Additionally, the 40-hour extract exhibited greater antioxidant activity than the 28-hour extract, as demonstrated by DPPH (IC50 222 µg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 511.43 µg/mL) assays. Moreover, the 40-hour extract significantly prolonged the viability of S. pombe, suggesting its potential as an anti-aging agent. LC-MS/MS analysis identified several potential bioactive compounds, including gallic acid and N-carbamoyl-2,3-dihydroxybenzamide, which may contribute to its bioactivity. Ultimately, our study indicates that DCL1 40-h extract showed antiaging potential, which is promising as source and formulation of biopharmaceutical or cosmeceutical products.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadiyah Salsabilah, Muhammad Eka Prastya, Rika Indri Astuti
Detection of Escherichia coli Contamination Using Most Probable Number (MPN) Methods of Jamu Pahitan in Singaparna District, Tasikmalaya
Indonesians consume a lot of traditional jamu, including jamu pahitan. However, the hygiene aspect in the production and serving process is often neglected, so it has the potential to be contaminated with Escherichia coli. Using the MPN method, this study analyzed the presence of E. coli in jamu pahitan sold in Singaparna District. A total of 10 samples were tested, taken from jamu vendors who used plastic bottle packaging. The MPN test results showed that all samples contained E. coli with MPN values ranging from 6.0-1100 g/mL. None of the samples met food safety standards based on SNI 7388:2009, because the maximum limit of E. coli in drinks is <3 MPN/mL. The results of Gram staining of bacteria showed that the bacteria found were bacilli, red in color, including Gram-negative bacteria, indicating the presence of E. coli bacteria.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syifa Sri Rahmawati, Richa Mardianingrum, Susanti Susanti
Anatomical Structure of Young Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Leaves for Callogenesis Initiation
Plant anatomy, a key area within biology, examines the structure and organization of plant organs and tissues. It underpins various disciplines such as physiology, ecology, taxonomy, and evolutionary biology. Anatomical data are typically obtained using the paraffin embedding, which facilitates detailed microscopic observations. In oil palm (Elaies guineensis Jacq.) tissue culture, young leaves are commonly used as explants in callogenesis inducing undifferentiated cell growth. The study aimed to describe anatomical characteristics of young oil palm leaves, analyze the correlation between anatomical traits across different leaf positions, and examine anatomical changes during callogenesis. Leaf samples were collected from positions -4, -5, -6, -7 and -8, processed using paraffin embedding technique, and analyzed microscopically. The percentages of callogenesis were also calculated for each leaf position. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT), and correlation analysis was performed in R Studio. The anatomical features included the adaxial and abaxial epidermis, cuticle, hypodermis, mesophyll (palisade and spongy parenchyma), vascular bundles (phloem and xylem), stomata, and sclerencyma. The correlations between mesophyll and leaf thickness were very strong (r= 0.97, p>0.05), indicating that as mesophyll tissue thickness increases, the overall leaf thickness also increases. Notably, leaves at position -8 exhibited the highest rate callogenesis, reaching 204%.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ilham, Ernayunita
The Effect of Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior) Flower Extract on Creatinine Levels and Kidney Histophatology in Alloxan-Induced White Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Kidney function impairment is a common complication of hyperglycemia, characterized by increased creatinine levels and structural damage to renal tissue. Alloxan is frequently used to induce kidney injury through oxidative stress mechanisms. Torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) flower contains antioxidant compounds with potential nephroprotective effects. This study aims to determine the effect of torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) flower extract on creatinine levels and kidney histopathology in alloxan-induced white rats (Rattus norvegicus). The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with an experimental approach. The negative control group received destilled water, while the positive control group was induced with alloxan (120 mg/kgBW) intraperitoneally and treated with glibenclamide (0.45 mg/kgBW). The treatments groups (P1, P2, and P3) were given alloxan (120 mg/kgBW) and torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) flower extract orally at doses of 100 mg/kgBW, 200 mg/kgBW, and 400 mg/kgBW, respectively. This study showed that torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) flower extract significantly reduced creatinine levels and improved kidney histopathology (renal tubular necrosis). The 400 mg/kgBW dose was the most effective in lowering creatinine levels and repairing kidney tissue damage.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nofri Megariang Hura, Erlintan Sinaga
Antioxidant Activity Test of Bride's Tears (Antigonon leptopus) Leaves Using the DPPH Method
Bridal tear leaves can be used to treat various health and beauty problems because they contain various active compounds, such as flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. These compounds have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. This flower contains antioxidants that can help protect the skin from damage caused by free radicals. This research aims to see the effectiveness of antioxidants from bridal tear leaves. The research method involves leaf extraction using 96% ethanol and testing antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. The research results showed that the extract sample from bride's tear leaves was (IC50 – 69.7146 ug/mL). This shows that the bride's tear leaf extract is quite strong in inhibiting free radical reactions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nailil Wafiq Azizah, Majida Ramadhan*, Faisal, Devana Rahma Aldina, Ramadina Novia Putri, Nur Laila Anggraini, Sabilatul Mufarrohah, Satria Gemilang, Firadika Fitriansyah, Hosiyah, Nuvia Harini Wulan Suci, Nihlatus Sofiya, Terra Januarista, Ramizard Rafsa
Optimization of Genomic DNA Extraction Method on Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.)
Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) is one of the commodities in the Myristicaceae family that has numerous benefits and has high phenolic compounds. Elevated amounts of secondary metabolites in the Myristica genus pose significant challenges for obtaining high-quality DNA. This complexity often results in reduced DNA recovery and suboptimal absorbance ratios, attributed to contamination by RNA and proteins in DNA extraction yields.. The results of DNA extraction that have been obtained through several variations of optimized methods are compared. The DNA extraction method using a modified Geneaid Genomic DNA Mini Kit was determined to produce the highest quality and quantity of DNA. Compared to other protocols such as Doyle and Doyle, modified Doyle and Doyle, and the basic protocol of the Geneaid kit without improvement, the modified Geneaid Genomic DNA Mini Kit had a high mean range purity of 1.83, and bands appeared.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tanti Agustina, Abdul Razaq Chasani
Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potential of Water Extracts of Selected Plant Species from Tuzla Region (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
This study aims to determine the antioxidant and antibacterial potential of aqueous extracts of six different plant species, which are widely used in traditional medicine: Salvia officinalis L., Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds., Urtica dioica L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Rubus fruticosus L. and Achillea millefolium L. The samples were collected in the Tuzla region between March and July 2025. All of the mentioned plants are important in traditional medicine and have been previously reported to have biological activity. The antioxidant activity was tested by the DPPH and FRAP methods, while the antibacterial potential was tested by the diffusion technique on reference bacterial strains from the WDCM collection. The extracts showed high antioxidant activity, with nettle and sage extracts showing the most potent in neutralizing DPPH radicals. Weak to moderate antibacterial activity was recorded in the case of nettle, sage, mint and rosemary extracts, and a complete absence of activity in the case of yarrow and blackberry leaf extracts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lejla Mekic, Edina Huseinovic, Jasmina Dedic, Darja Husejnagic, Emir Horozic
Isolation and Identification of Dermatophytes from Toenails and Interdigital Spaces of Students Using Czapek Yeast Extract Agar
Dermatophytosis remains a common superficial fungal infection affecting nails and interdigital spaces, with Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes as the predominant etiologic agents. The recent emergence of terbinafine-resistant T. indotineae has raised new challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Although Sabouraud Dextrose Agar is the conventional medium for fungal culture, alternative media such as Czapek Yeast Extract Agar (CYA) may provide additional advantages for dermatophyte isolation and morphological identification. This study aimed to isolate and identify dermatophytes from toenails and interdigital spaces of university students using CYA medium and to evaluate its applicability in dermatophyte culture. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 100 university students aged 18–24 years. Specimens were collected from toenails (n = 60) and interdigital spaces (n = 40). Direct microscopy was performed using 20% KOH preparation. Samples were cultured on CYA supplemented with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide, and incubated at 28 ± 2 °C for up to 21 days. Fungal isolates were identified based on macroscopic and microscopic morphology. Data were analyzed descriptively, and associations were tested using the chi-square test. Fungal elements were detected in 65% of samples by KOH examination, and dermatophyte growth was confirmed in 52% of cultures. The most frequently isolated species were T. rubrum (28%) and T. mentagrophytes (18%). Notably, T. indotineae was detected in 5% of samples. No significant difference was found between toenail and interdigital isolates (p = 0.26). Dermatophytes are prevalent among university students, with T. rubrum as the dominant species. The detection of T. indotineae highlights its emerging role in young populations. CYA proved effective for dermatophyte isolation and may serve as an alternative culture medium in academic and diagnostic laboratories.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lisa Savitri, Kharisul Ihsan, Rochmad Krissanjaya, Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo, Novirma Yanti, Mochamad Hanif Hilmi
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Towards Infection Prevention and Control Among Health Staff at Seiyun General Hospital Authority
Healthcare workers (HCWs) are continuously exposed to pathogenic microorganisms, which can lead to serious infections. Infection prevention and control (IPC) relies heavily on HCWs’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP). This study aimed to assess KAP towards IPC among health staff at Seiyun General Hospital Authority, Yemen, during 2023–2024. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 106 participants. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS software. Among participants, 60.6% held a diploma, 62.5% were male, 37.5% were nurses, and 33.7% had 1–5 years of experience. Regarding knowledge, 91.3% reported understanding IPC, and 76.9% acknowledged the role of sterilization. In terms of attitude, 60% strongly agreed that handwashing reduces infections. As for practices, 90.4% washed their hands before patient care, and 76% educated patients about IPC. Significant associations were found between KAP levels and education, age, gender, job category, and experience. Occupational category and work experience influenced KAP levels, while education, age, and gender showed limited impact.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sarah O. Alsawmhi, Anwar S. Alhussan, Hassan Pyar, Taher I. Bin Sumait
The Potential of Lime Juice in Reducing Fe Levels and Improving the Quality of Clove Leaf Oil Using Complexometry and Testing Its Antioxidant Activity Using DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil)
Clove leaf oil from Samigaluh, Kulon Progo has high Fe content and low eugenol content due to an ineffective distillation process. This study aims to analyze the ability of lime juice as a purifying agent in reducing iron content through complexometry, varying the concentration of lime juice (2%, 3%, and 4%) and stirring time (30, 60, and 90 minutes) on 50 mL of clove leaf oil mixed with 50 mL of lime juice. Eugenol isolation was performed using KOH-H2SO4 extraction. Testing was also conducted on eugenol content, acid number, refractive index, specific gravity, and antioxidant activity using DPPH. Sample testing was performed using AAS, GC, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Optimal conditions were obtained at a lime juice concentration of 4% with 60 minutes of stirring, which successfully reduced Fe content from 17.6 to 1.7 mg/kg, increased eugenol content from 75.908% to 78.730% at a lime juice concentration of 3% and 90 minutes of stirring, reducing the acid number from 1.82 to 0.94 mg NaOH/g, increasing the refractive index from 1.331 to 1.529, and increasing the specific gravity from 1.020 to 1.036. Further redistillation with KOH and H2SO4 increased the purity of eugenol to 96.476% with strong antioxidant activity (IC50 57.45 ppm).
Copyright (c) 2025 Teti Wulandari, Susy Yunita Prabawati
Predicting the Anti-Pulmonary Fibrosis Potential of Physalis angulata Compounds A Computational Study
Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive lung disease characterized by tissue scarring and respiratory decline. Existing treatments have limited efficacy and significant side effects. Physalis angulata, a traditional medicinal plant, shows promise for antifibrotic therapy due to its bioactive compounds potentially targeting key fibrotic pathways. This study aims to predict the potential of Physalis angulata compounds to PI3K/AKT protein as candidates for antifibrotic therapy. Ten active compounds from P. angulata were docked against the PI3K/AKT protein (PDB ID: 2UZT) using AutoDock Vina. Docking was validated by redocking the native ligand. Binding affinities and molecular interactions were analyzed. ADMET properties were predicted via the pkCSM platform to assess pharmacokinetics and toxicity. Myricetrin exhibited the strongest binding affinity (-9.6 kcal/mol), surpassing the native ligand (-9.1 kcal/mol). Other flavonoids, including eriodictyol (-8.9 kcal/mol), naringin (-8.8 kcal/mol), and apigenin (-8.5 kcal/mol), also showed favorable affinities. Critical amino acids involved were Asp184 and Glu121. The redocking RMSD value of 0.893 Ã confirmed methodological accuracy. ADMET predictions revealed high intestinal absorption for tangeretin and apigenin, with no mutagenic or hepatotoxic risks, indicating good pharmacokinetic profiles. Physalis angulata flavonoids exhibit strong PI3K/AKT binding and favorable pharmacokinetics, supporting their potential as antifibrotic agents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Farid, Assa Aulia Kirana, Nandita Diah Oktaviana, Sofia Rasyda, Dwi Anggraini, Widya Aryana Ramadhania
Isolation, Morphological Characterization, Biochemistry, and Antagonistic Activity of Endophytic Bacteria from Rice Against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae
Endophytic bacteria have the potential as environmentally friendly biocontrol agents in controlling bacterial leaf blight (BLB) in rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). This study aims to isolate, characterize morphology and biochemical tests, and test the antagonistic activity of endophytic bacteria from rice against Xoo. Isolation was carried out from healthy rice root tissue using a surface sterilization method. Morphological characterization included colony shape, color, edge, elevation, and Gram properties, while biochemical characterization included catalase, oxidase, motility, starch hydrolysis, and sugar fermentation tests. The antagonistic test used a dual culture assay method on NA (nutrient agar) media. The isolation results obtained six endophytic bacterial isolates (BETP 01–06) identified as the genus Pseudomonas and Bacillus with varying colony morphological characters. Antimicrobial activity test showed two potential isolates, BETP 03 (Pseudomonas) and BETP 05 (Bacillus), with an average inhibitory diameter of 16.3 mm and 16.5 mm against Xoo, respectively. Biochemical characterization showed that BETP 03 was bacillus, Gram-negative, citrate-negative, motile, gelatin hydrolysis positive, starch hydrolysis positive, and catalase positive; while BETP 05 was bacillus, Gram-positive, citrate-positive, motile, gelatin hydrolysis negative, starch hydrolysis positive, and catalase positive. These results indicate that both isolates have high potential as biological biocontrol agents in controlling bacterial leaf blight disease in rice.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saipul Sihotang, Alfons Dwi Putra Butar-Butar, Lita Nasution, Haliatur Rahma, Trizelia, Magdalena Saragih, Retna Astuti Kuswardani, Ika Listiana, Beatrix Sofranes Napitupulu
Analysis of Nutritional Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Yogurt Enriched with Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) Extract
The growing demand for functional foods has encouraged the development of dairy products enriched with natural bioactive ingredients to improve nutritional value and health benefits. This study aimed to analyze the nutritional composition and antioxidant activity of yogurt enriched with butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) extract. Yogurt was prepared from fresh goat milk with varying concentrations of butterfly pea extract and evaluated for protein, fat, carbohydrate, moisture, ash, vitamin C contents, antioxidant activity, and sensory acceptance. Proximate analysis, UV–Vis spectrophotometry, and the DPPH method were used for chemical determinations, while a hedonic test assessed color, taste, aroma, and texture. Results showed that increasing butterfly pea extract significantly decreased protein and fat contents but increased vitamin C and antioxidant activity, with the highest values observed in yogurt containing 60% extract and 4% formulation (N60K2). Moisture and ash contents were not significantly affected. Sensory evaluation indicated that yogurt with 60% extract and 2% formulation (N60K1) was preferred regarding color, taste, aroma, and texture. Considering compliance with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) and consumer acceptance, N60K1 was the optimal formulation. The findings suggest that butterfly pea extract can enhance the functional properties of yogurt, particularly its antioxidant potential, while maintaining acceptable sensory quality. This provides insights for developing functional dairy products with natural plant-based bioactives.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yulia Windarsih, I Made Budiarsa, Manap Trianto, Akram, Abdul Ashari
DFT Study and ADMET Investigation of Bioactive 2-Phenoxyquinolines
Pharmacologically active quinoline compounds show interesting functionalities. However, there is still a dearth of information on the potential wide applications of the quinoline scaffolds especially when the substituents on the rings or functionalities are modified. In this study 2-phenoxyquinoline-3-carbaldehyde derivatives were synthesized and investigated using DFT to determine the molecular parameters, electronic and chemical reactivity descriptors including their possible application as drug candidates. Geometry optimisations were carried out using Becke three-parameter hybrid functional combined with Lee-Yang-Parr correlation functionals and augmented basis set with added sets of diffuse s- and p-functions: BL3YP /6-311++G(d,p). Drug-likeness scores and bioactivity prediction were carried out using the webserver programs ADMET Sar 2. Our results showed slightly lower energy values in water than in ethanol depicting high reactiveness of the 2-phenoxyquinolines in water especially compounds with fluoro- and methoxy substituted having the lowest Egap of 3.79 eV and 3.381 eV respectively. The methoxy substitution confers higher susceptibility to electron transfer and chemical reactive in aqeous medium. The ionization potential energies were lower in water and ethanol when compared to the other gas states calculated values. The MEP surfaces of all the compounds investigated reveals the ether oxygen atoms and carbonyl groups as necessities for effective antioxidant properties. It is noteworthy that five of the compounds investigated have high activity values above 3.0 octanol–water partition coefficient value indicating an excellent inhibitory activity and strong chemical reactivity. Good oral bioavailability was shown by the compounds depicting their excellent activity as kinase inhibitors, nuclear receptor compounds and enzyme inhibitors. It is noteworthy that cytochromes CYP2C19, CYP2C29, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 are not inhibited and therefore do not pose potential adverse drug reactions or toxicity. Interestingly, only one compound showed one violation. Consequently, such scaffolds are potential drug candidates.
Copyright (c) 2025 Oluwafemi S. Aina, Mujeeb O. Rofiu, Luqman A. Adams, Oluwole B. Familoni
Optimization of Date Palm Extract (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Based Collagen Powder Beverage Formula with Spices (Tamarind and Cinnamon) Addition Using D-Optimal Mixture Design Method
The trend of collagen-based beauty functional drinks is predicted to increase. However, its use can potentially cause a fishy taste, so it is usually formulated together with fruit or spice extracts. Date fruit has the potential for high bioactive content, but its utilization as a powder drink in Indonesia is still relatively low. Tamarind and cinnamon are also Indonesian spice commodities that are rich in bioactive components and have a strong flavor that can cover the fishy taste of collagen. Thus, this study aimed to obtain the optimal formulation and the effect of the addition of date, tamarind, cinnamon, and hydrolase collagen powder on the physicochemical characteristics of the final product using the Design Expert program D-Optimal Mixture Design Method. The first stage of the research was determining the upper and lower limits of the independent variables and a fixed value. The optimal formula suggested by Design Expert consisted of 50% date powder, 24,91% tamarind powder, 20,09% cinnamon powder, and 5% hydrolase collagen powder with a desirability value of 0,805. The second stage of characterization testing in the form of chemical tests resulted in antioxidant activity (IC50) of 263,25 ± 8,01 ppm and total phenol content of 101,71 ± 9,21 mg GAE / 100 g. Characterization in the form of physical tests resulted in a moisture content of 2,98 ± 0,01%, dissolving time of 20,52 ± 0,72 seconds, bulk density of 0,52 ± 0,14 g/ml, and hygroscopicity of 18,73 ± 0,04%.
Copyright (c) 2025 Raihanurrabb Pawestriaji, Tri Dewanti Widyaningsih
Optimization of Arabica Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Shoot Cutting Growth Using Plastic Bottle Covers and Goat Urine Treatments
Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is a high-value commodity, yet its productivity in Indonesia remains low due to suboptimal cultivation techniques. One of the main constraints is the limited availability of quality seedlings, which is influenced by propagation methods. Vegetative propagation through shoot cuttings is widely used, but often constrained by low survival and root formation rates. The application of plastic bottle covers and goat urine has the potential to improve propagation success by creating a favorable microclimate and supplying growth regulators and essential nutrients. This study examined the effects of plastic bottle cover types and goat urine concentrations on the growth of C. arabica shoot cuttings. The experiment was arranged in a 3×3 factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with two factors: plastic bottle cover types (no cover, open-cap cover, and closed cover) and goat urine concentrations (0, 100, and 180 mL/L). Observed parameters included shoot length, shoot number, leaf length, leaf number, root length, root number, and root diameter. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test at a 5% significance level. The results showed a significant interaction between cover type and goat urine concentration. Combining a closed cover with 100 mL/L goat urine produced the highest shoot growth, cutting survival rate, and rooting percentage, while optimal root development was obtained with the closed cover and 180 mL/L goat urine. The most effective treatment was the closed cover combined with 100 mL/L goat urine.
Copyright (c) 2025 Safinah, Sri Darmanti, Yulita Nurchayati
Effect of Ciprofloxacin Administration on Gastric Histopathological Changes in Mice
Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic widely used in clinical and veterinary practice. While effective against a broad range of bacterial infections, several studies have reported potential adverse effects on the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the gastric mucosa. This study aimed to evaluate the histopathological changes in the gastric mucosa of mice following ciprofloxacin administration at different doses. A total of 24 male mice were randomly divided into four groups: control, low-dose ciprofloxacin, moderate-dose ciprofloxacin, and high-dose ciprofloxacin. Treatment was administered orally for 14 days. Gastric tissues were collected and examined histologically using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Histopathological analysis revealed dose-dependent mucosal alterations. The control group showed intact gastric architecture, while the low-dose group exhibited mild epithelial erosion. The moderate-dose group presented with mucosal disruption and inflammatory infiltration, and the high-dose group demonstrated severe ulceration, edema, and mucosal thinning. These findings indicate progressive gastric injury with increasing ciprofloxacin exposure. Ciprofloxacin administration induces dose-dependent gastric mucosal injury in mice, consistent with fluoroquinolone-related gastrointestinal toxicity. Caution is warranted in prolonged or high-dose therapy, and further studies are needed to explore the underlying mechanisms and potential gastroprotective interventions.
Protective Effects of L-Carnitine on Growth and Cardiac Function in High-Glucose-Exposed Zebrafish Embryos
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder, and maternal hyperglycaemia during pregnancy increases the risk of fetal developmental complications. This study aimed to evaluate the protective role of L-carnitine against glucose-induced embryotoxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fertilized embryos were exposed to 5% glucose with or without L-carnitine supplementation (50 or 100 uM). Developmental outcomes including survival, hatching, malformations, body length, and heart rate were assessed using microscopy and analyzed by ANOVA and Kaplan–Meier survival curves. High glucose significantly reduced survival (hazard ratio = 6.86; p < 0.0001), delayed hatching (median hatching time 84 vs. 60 hpf; HR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.08–0.39; p < 0.0001), and induced growth retardation and bradycardia (p < 0.0001). L-carnitine did not rescue survival or hatching but partially ameliorated growth impairment (p < 0.05) and restored heart rate in a dose-dependent manner, with 100 uM supplementation approaching control values (p < 0.001). Morphological abnormalities such as yolk sac edema and spinal curvature remained present but less severe with co-treatment. In conclusion, L-carnitine confers partial protective effects on growth and cardiac function under hyperglycaemic stress, although it does not prevent early lethality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Editya Fukata, Anditri Weningtyas, Lintang Widya Sishartami, Nuramaliah Desliani Putri, Putri Kusuma C. G. R. Asfandi
Prospects of Dwarf Coconut (Cocos nucifera L. var. genjah) as a Cultivar for Coconut Sugar Production in East Lampung
Coconut sugar is emerging as a promising natural sweetener to reduce Indonesia’s dependency on imported refined sugar. Among various coconut cultivars, Cocos nucifera L. var. genjah (dwarf coconut) offers advantages for sap production due to its short trunk, early maturity, and high sugar content. This study aimed to examine the prospects of dwarf coconut as a productive cultivar for coconut sugar development in East Lampung Regency, based on field-level adoption indicators. A total of 41 respondents were selected using Slovin’s formula. Primary data were collected through structured interviews and analyzed using descriptive statistics, T-tests, and multiple linear regression with SPSS version 27. The findings show that factors such as landholding size, formal education exposure, and income levels significantly (P < 0.05) influence the practical use of dwarf coconut for coconut sugar production. These results highlight the potential of dwarf coconut as a strategic cultivar to support local coconut sugar initiatives in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lukman Efendi, Analianasari, Surfiana
Isolation, Identification, and Evaluation of Antimicrobial of the LAB from Bekasam: The Traditional Fermented Fish in Indonesia
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are frequently utilized in fermented foods and can incresed shelf life for the products through their secondary metabolites includes carbon dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, lactic acid and bacteriocins. Beside increasing the shelf life, LAB also affect taste, smelt, and texture. Thus, this study aimed to isolate, identify and evaluate antibacterial LAB strains from Indonesian traditional fermented fish (Bekasam). Gram staining, the catalase assay, and motility assays were used to initially characterize the presumed isolates phenotypically following primary isolation on De Man, Rogosa, and Sharper (MRS) agar. 14 isloates were determined to be presumed LAB by preliminary phenotypic testing. One species that has the highest antibacterial activity is confirmed by a 16S rRNA sequencing study. Lactobacillus plantarum CP-134 was identified from the bekasam. In the biochemical characterization all isolates were catalase-negative and non-motile. According to our research, these LAB strains may have applications in fermented foods due to their probiotic properties, which include antibacterial activity. They might be used as natural substitutes for additives and antibiotics, but more in vivo or in silico research is required to verify their potential and effectiveness. A typical traditional food preservation technique for enhancing shelf life, food safety and nutrition and sensory qualities is fermentation. Bekasam is a traditional fermented food from Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Rohman, Muhammad Bachrun Alim
Synthesis, Characterization, and Micellar Behavior of Amphiphilic Chitosan Bearing Sulfate and Anisaldehyde Imine Groups
Amphiphilic chitosan derivatives bearing sulfate and anisaldehyde imine (anisimine) groups were successfully synthesized and characterized for potential applications as functional biomaterials. The synthesis involved two key steps: (1) sulfation of chitosan using chlorosulfonic acid to introduce O-sulfate groups, and (2) Schiff base formation via reaction with p-anisaldehyde to generate N-anisimine functionalities. Structural modifications were confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which showed characteristic absorption bands at ~1250 cm-¹ and ~820 cm-¹ corresponding to O=S=O stretching of sulfate, and a C=N stretch at ~1640 cm-¹ indicating imine formation. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra further verified the successful attachment of aromatic protons from p-anisaldehyde and the disappearance of primary amine peaks, confirming imination. The amphiphilic behavior and micelle-forming ability of the N-anisimine-O-sulfated (NAOS) chitosan were evaluated using pyrene as a hydrophobic fluorescent probe for determining the critical micelle concentration (CMC), which was found to be 0.012 mg/mL. The observed low CMC value indicates strong self-assembly capability in aqueous media. These results suggest that NAOS chitosan possesses promising structural and surface-active properties suitable for advanced applications in drug delivery and cosmetic formulations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Herayati, Deana Wahyuningrum, Damar Nurwahyu Bima, Indah Puspita Sari
Formulation Of Instant Functional Collagen Drink With Date Seeds Coffee (Phoenix dactylifera) And Spices (Ginger, Cinnamon, Cardamom, Clove) Using The D-Optimal Mixture Design Method
The functional food trend has grown rapidly since the Covid-19 pandemic, including products made from natural ingredients like herbal collagen drinks. This research aims to develop an optimal collagen drink formulation by adding date seed coffee with ginger, cinnamon, cardamom, and cloves as antioxidants to optimize collagen function.Optimization was carried out using the Design Expert-13 device with the optimization response of antioxidant activity (mg TE/100g) and water content (%). The results showed that the optimal formulation consisted ofdate seed coffee 35.57%; hydrolyzed collagen 25%; and spice mixture (ginger, cinnamon, cardamom, cloves) of 39.432% with a desirability value of 0.741.The optimal product was then instantiated using the spray drying method and compared with commercial products without instantiation and collagen addition.The optimal product has an IC50 antioxidant activity of 743.86 ppm and total phenols of 187.23 mg GAE/100g), with a water content of 3.35%, hygroscopicity of 7.76%, bulk density of 0.488 g/mL, and a dissolution time of 23.32 seconds. The results of the hedonic test on the optimal sample as a whole from 100 panelists were “rather likeâ€ to “likeâ€ with an average value of 3.17 with the most preferred attributes being the consistency and aroma of spices.
siRNAs targeting icaD Gene of Staphylococcus aureus to Inhibit Biofilm Formation: Structural Analysis and Efficacy
Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus infections, especially those involving biofilm formation, is a global health issue. Biofilm protects bacteria from the immune system and antibiotic treatment, making them 10 to 1000 times more resistant. The icaD gene, part of the ica operon, is crucial for biofilm synthesis by enhancing the enzymes responsible for forming the biofilm matrix. The icaD gene sequence of Staphylococcus aureus was obtained from the GenBank NCBI database with the accession code CP140612.1, with a gene sequence length of 306 bp and employed several bioinformatics methods, including siDirect for designing and evaluating effective siRNA sequences to select the most promising candidates. Additionally, siRNA Scales, MaxExpect, Duplex Fold, and siPred were employed to analyze the siRNA sequence length, secondary structure, binding energy, and efficacy predictions of siRNAs targeting the icaD gene. The study found that out of 54 siRNA candidates, siRNA22, siRNA50, and siRNA25 achieved inhibition rates of 93.69%, 92.82%, and 92.52%, respectively. These results bioinformatically demonstrated their potential to suppress the expression of the icaD gene and highlight their promise as siRNA-based antibacterial therapies to combat biofilm-related infections. The designed siRNA computationally shows potential as an innovative therapy to combat biofilm infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dinda Ananda Sulistina, Rian Ka Praja, Margaretha Yayu Indah Anugerahny, Hanasia Hanasia, Ysrafil Ysrafil
Application of Alginate-Based Edible Coating with Beeswax Addition on Minimally Processed Pears (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.)
Pears, especially after being cut, tended to experience a decline in quality and damage such as enzymatic browning, moisture loss, and texture changes. The application of alginate-based edible coating with the addition of beeswax was one of the innovations that could be applied to minimally processed pears to slow down the rate of deterioration. This study aimed to determine the effect of beeswax concentration in alginate-based edible coating solutions on the freshness of minimally processed pears and to identify the optimal beeswax concentration using the star method. The study was designed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in a non-factorial arrangement with the addition of beeswax. The treatments consisted of six levels: BK as the control, B0 (alginate), B2 (alginate + 2% beeswax), B4 (alginate + 4% beeswax), B6 (alginate + 6% beeswax), and B8 (alginate + 8% beeswax), each with four replications. The results showed that the addition of beeswax to the alginate-based edible coating had a significant effect on moisture content, weight loss, firmness, total soluble solids, and color. The best treatment for maintaining pear freshness according to the star method was B4 (4% beeswax), which had a moisture content of 85.66%, weight loss of 1.79%, firmness of 874.63 gf, total soluble solids of 11.28 ËšBrix, and a lightness (L) value of 68.30 on day 12 of storage.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maftukh Zaina Luthfiyyah, Novita Herdiana, Esa Ghanim Fadhallah, Fibra Nurainy
The Influence of Strain Type and Female Age on the Receptivity of Female Drosophila melanogaster in Homogamous Crosses
Drosophila melanogaster is a widely used model organism in genetic research due to its short life cycle and the presence of many genes homologous to those found in humans. It plays an important role in studies related to genetic inheritance, gene interaction, sex determination, and developmental genetics. One key aspect of its reproductive biology is female receptivity—the willingness of a female to accept mating—which is influenced by various internal and external factors. External factors include environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity, as well as male courtship signals like wing vibrations and chemical cues. Internal factors are mainly related to the female's sexual maturity and mating status. Generally, female receptivity increases with age after eclosion, reaches a peak, and gradually declines. This study investigates the impact of strain type and female age on receptivity in homogamous crosses of D. melanogaster, using two mutant strains: dp (with a wing mutation) and wa (with an eye color mutation). Receptivity was measured by the presence or absence of F1 offspring following crosses between males and females of the same strain, with females tested at different ages ranging from 10 to 60 hours after eclosion. The results indicate that strain type does not have a significant effect on female receptivity. In contrast, female age plays a clear role: individuals aged 30 years and older were more receptive and more likely to produce offspring. No significant interaction was found between strain type and age. These findings suggest that female receptivity in D. melanogaster is more strongly influenced by sexual maturity (as indicated by age) than by genetic differences between strains.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lisa Savitri, Kharisul Ihsan, Rochmad Krissanjaya, Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo
Antibacterial Activity of Bacteriocin from Pediococcus pentosaceus Against Propionibacterium acnes: Molecular Docking, In Vitro, and 16S rRNA Genetic Identification
This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial potential of bacteriocin produced by lactic acid bacteria against Propionibacterium acnes through an integrative approach involving molecular docking, in vitro assays, and genetic identification using 16S rRNA sequencing. The target protein PDB 7LBU, representing the cell wall of P. acnes, was docked with Small Bacteriocin obtained from PubChem. The best binding affinity was recorded at –7.5 kcal/mol, indicating a stable interaction, supported by cavity analysis and ligand–protein interaction mapping using PyMOL. The results of the in vitro study, as determined by antibacterial activity testing against P. acnes, showed an average inhibition zone of 20.6 mm. In addition, genetic identification through BLAST confirmed the isolate as Pediococcus pentosaceus strain DSM 20336 with a similarity of 99.64%. These findings indicate that the bacteriocin derived from P. pentosaceus has promising potential as a natural agent in the development of alternative therapies for acne.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adhitya Naufal Pribadhi, Penggalih Mahardika Herlambang, Ellyka Purwaningrum
Evaluation of Forest Honey on the Proliferation and Migration of Dermal Fibroblasts under Hyperglycemic Conditions: An In Vitro Study
This study aims to evaluate the effect of forest honey on fibroblast proliferation and migration under hyperglycemic conditions in vitro. The research method involved culturing primary fibroblasts in high-glucose DMEM (25 mM) and dividing them into five groups: standard control (standard medium), hyperglycemia control (high-glucose medium without treatment), 3% honey, 1.5% honey, and 0.75% honey. Proliferation was assessed by counting live cells (Trypan Blue staining/hemocytometer) at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Migration was measured using a scratch assay (0, 24, 48, 72 hours) and analyzed with ImageJ. The Shapiro–Wilk test was used for normality; data were analyzed with ANOVA followed by LSD or Kruskal–Wallis (p<0.05). Results showed that hyperglycemia decreased proliferation compared to the standard control. Treatment with 1.5% honey and 0.75% honey consistently increased proliferation compared to the hyperglycemic control at all time points (p<0.05), while 3% honey showed a relatively lower increase. The standard control group achieved 100% closure at 72 hours in the migration variable. The honey groups (0.75–3%) showed an increase compared to the hyperglycemic control, but the difference was not significant at 24–48 hours and approached significance at 72 hours (p=0.057). In conclusion, forest honey at a concentration of 1.5% can increase fibroblast proliferation in a hyperglycemic environment. The effect on migration requires confirmation with osmolality controls and more sensitive endpoints. These findings provide a biological basis for developing honey-based diabetic wound care adjuvants focusing on dose optimization and formulation standardization.
Copyright (c) 2025 Januar Rizqi, Denny Agustiningsih, Dwi Aris Agung Nugrahaningsih
The Relationship Between Total IgE, Symptom Duration, VAS Scores, and Danyoung Classification in Allergic Rhinitis
Allergic Rhinitis (AR) is an inflammatory condition of the nasal mucosa triggered by allergies, with total IgE often used as a biomarker to assess disease severity. Objective: To analyze the relationship between total IgE levels, symptom duration, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores, and Danyoung Classification in AR patients. Methods: A cross-sectional observational analytical study was conducted on 73 patients at the Allergy-Immunology Clinic of Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital. Total IgE levels were measured using the ELISA method, while VAS and nasal mucosa classification were assessed through anamnesis and nasoendoscopy. Results: The study showed68.5% of patients had IgE levels above 100 IU/ml, with an average of 982.97 IU/ml. Although higher IgE levels were often found in AR patients, there was no statistically significant correlation between IgE levels and Danyoung classification (significance value 0.924). The correlation test showed a coefficient of -0.11, indicating a negative correlation, but it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The nasal mucosa condition in patients with high IgE levels does not always reflect severe inflammation. In addition to IgE levels, external factors such as exposure to pollutants and cigarette smoke also play a role in the condition of the nasal mucosa. Therefore, while high IgE levels often indicate allergic reactions, this study found no significant relationship between IgE levels and AR severity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayunita Tri Wirattami, Tanti Agustina
Effect of PEG and CMC on Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Extract Against Aedes aegypti Larvae
Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) cases are still high in America and Asia region, including Indonesia. Eradication of DHF can be done by larvacide. Temephos 1%, chemical larvacide used in Indonesia for decades, can cause environment degradation and allergic reaction in human. Papaya stem extract as biolarvacide contains saponins, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, papain and essential oils which have larvicidal activity. It can be applicable in all over the world. This study was conducted to determine the better suspending agent between CMC or PEG of papaya stem extract to kill Aedes aegypti larvae. Objective: To determine the better suspending agent to kill Aedes aegypti larvae. Method: This study was true experimental study in laboratory, used post-test only controlled group design. This study used samples consist of Aedes aegypti instar III-IV larvae. There were seven experimental groups, consist of positive control group, negative control group for CMC, negative control group for PEG, extract concentration of 1.5% with CMC suspending agent, extract concentration of 1.5% with PEG suspending agent, extract concentration of 2% with CMC suspending agent, extract concentration of 2% with PEG suspending agent. Each group was repeated 4 times and counted every 6 hours (6th, 12th, 18th, 24th). Data analysis using the SPSS application ver 23. Probit test used to determine the effectiveness of the larvacide, LC50 and LT50 to determine the concentration and time to kill 50% of Aedes aegypti larvae. It used Kruskal Wallis Test to compare four dependent groups. It used Mann Whitney Test to compare the differences of each group. Result: The study showed that LC50 PEG was 0.033%, LC50 CMC was 0.321%, LT50 (PEG+1.5%) was 20.8 hours, LT50 (PEG+2%) was 30.7 hours, LT50 (CMC+1.5%) was 23.5 hours, LT50 (CMC+2%) was 40.7 hours. Based on the probit test, the LC50 and LT50 results showed that papaya stem methanol extract with PEG suspending agent was more effective than CMC suspending agent, it needed lower concentration and lower time to kill 50% of larvae. Kruskall Wallis Test result p<0.05, so there was significantly difference between groups. Post hoc Mann-Whitney Test result p<0.05 between C(-) PEG group with P1, P2, P3, P4 and between C(-) CMC group with P1, P2, P3, P4, so there was significantly difference between C(-) PEG with each group and C(-) CMC with each group. Conclusion: It can be concluded that papaya stem methanol extract with PEG suspending agent was more effective than CMC suspending agent to kill Aedes aegypti larvae.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rochmadina Suci Bestari, Fidhia Nur Rif'aini, Riandini Aisyah, Listiana Masyita Dewi, Devi Usdiana Rosyidah, Retno Sintowati, Hidayah Karuniawati
Detection of The p53 Gene in Formalin Fixed Tissue Archives by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Method
Formalin fixed tissue archives are tissue biopsy results stored in formaldehyde fixative solution for a long time. The p53 gene is one of the genes that suppresses tumor occurrence and maintains genomic stability to prevent cell mutation and plays a role in the DNA regulation cycle and controls cell proliferation. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a nucleic acid amplification technique used to denature and denature DNA or RNA using polymerase enzymes to detect the presence of the p53 gene in formalin-fixed tissue archival samples. This study aimed to detect the presence of the p53 gene in formalin-fixed tissue samples. This study used a descriptive research method with a random sampling technique conducted in the anatomical pathology laboratory and the National College of Health Sciences molecular biology laboratory. The samples in this study consisted of 10 samples consisting of 2 normal tissues used as controls and 8 formalin-fixed tissue samples. In this study, the p53 gene was detected in all samples, both normal tissue samples and formalin-fixed tissue samples after electrophoresis and visualized according to the target of 666 bp (base pair). The presence of the p53 gene qualitatively from DNA isolates can still be detected, but the gene expression level cannot be known in this study.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anastasia Elma Wijayanti, Fitria Diniah Janah Sayekti
Academic Stress and Blood Glucose Levels: A Correlational Study Among Medical Laboratory Technology Students
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, often influenced by various physiological and psychological factors. One such factor is stress, particularly academic stress among university students. This study aims to explore the potential correlation between academic stress levels and random blood glucose levels among Medical Laboratory Technology (D.IV) students at Kadiri University. A cross-sectional, quantitative approach was used in this study. A total of 28 eligible students participated. Academic stress levels were assessed using the Perceived Sources of Academic Stress (PSAS) questionnaire, while random blood glucose levels were measured using spectrophotometric methods with glucose GOD FS reagents. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation test to determine the relationship between the two variables. The majority of students experienced moderate academic stress (71.43%), while the rest (28.57%) experienced high stress. No students reported low stress levels. Regarding blood glucose, 53.57% of participants had normal levels, and 46.43% had elevated levels. The Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.045 with a p-value of 0.819, indicating no statistically significant relationship between academic stress levels and blood glucose levels. Regression analysis also confirmed that while there was a slight positive trend (suggesting that higher stress may slightly raise glucose levels), the effect was negligible and not statistically significant. This study found no significant correlation between academic stress and random blood glucose levels among Medical Laboratory Technology students. Although stress may contribute to changes in glucose levels through hormonal mechanisms, other factors—such as diet, physical activity, and individual coping strategies—likely play a more substantial role. Interventions focusing on stress management, healthy lifestyle habits, and regular health monitoring are recommended to maintain both psychological well-being and metabolic health in students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lisa Savitri, Mochamad Hanif Hilmi, Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo, Rochmad Krissanjaya, Kharisul Ihsan
Molecular Identification of Lepidopteran Predators of Coccidae on Coffee Plants (Coffea canephora) in Sigi Regency
This study aimed to identify the species of Lepidopteran predators that prey on soft scale insects (Coccidae) found on coffee plants in Sigi Regency using molecular techniques. DNA was extracted using the modified CTAB method (Doyle & Doyle, 1990). PCR amplification targeted the COI gene using universal primers LCO1490 and HCO2198 with a GeneAmp PCR System 9700. Visualization was done using 1% agarose gel and UV-transilluminator. Sequencing was conducted externally. Data were analyzed using BioEdit 7.2.5, BLAST, BOLD Systems, and MEGA11 software. The DNA sequence of the predator sample showed 97.91% similarity to Autoba rubra based on GenBank and 97.59% in BOLD Systems. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed a close genetic relationship with A. rubra, distinct from Eublemma. Morphological similarities with Eublemma were misleading, highlighting the accuracy of molecular identification. This study is the first to confirm the identity of a Lepidopteran predator of coffee scale insects in Indonesia using molecular techniques, revealing its close relation to Autoba rubra. The results correct previous morphological misidentifications and contribute new data on predator diversity in biological control contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 I Made Budiarsa, Manap Trianto, Bahana Aditya Adnan
Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Peptide Fractions of Morinda lucida and Alstonia boonei and Protective Effects against Lead-induced Toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster
Morinda lucida and Alstonia boonei are widely used in ethnomedicine for treating and managing various ailments and have been validated for several biological activities. This study investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of partially purified peptide fractions of Morinda lucida (MLP) and Alstonia boonei (ABP) and their protective effect against lead (Pb)-induced toxicity on wild-type Drosophila melanogaster. Peptide fractions were partially purified using solid phase extraction and evaluated for antioxidant activities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhyhdrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed via protein denaturation and membrane stabilisation assays. Flies were treated with Pb (10 mM), peptide fractions (50 and 100 µg/10g diet), and co-treatment of Pb plus the fractions. After treatment, homogenized flies were analysed for total thiol (TSH) and non-protein thiol (NPSH) content, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, nitric oxide (NO) (nitrite/nitrate) and hydroperoxide levels. The peptide fractions showed significant in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Both fractions (50 and 100 µg/10g diet) maintained a balanced redox status of flies. Pb exposure reduced survival rates and increased oxidative stress markers compared to control untreated flies. Co-treatment with MLP and ABP (50 and 100 µg/10g diet) improved antioxidant enzyme activities (GST, NPSH and Total thiol) and accumulation of NO and hydroperoxide in Pb-treated flies. Therefore, the peptide fractions from M. lucida and A. boonei may be sources of bioactive agents with therapeutic potential against oxidative stress and inflammation associated with lead toxicity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zainab Abiodun Molik, Amos Olalekan Abolaji, Omonike Oluyemisi Ogbole
Antipyretic Activity of Stembark Extract of Mammea africana in Rats
Mammea africana Sabine (Guttiferae), is a tree plant whose parts are variously used locally for the treatment of various diseases such as malaria and fever among others. The stembark extract of M. africana (30 -90 mg/kg) was investigated for antipyretic activity in rats using different experimental models; amphetamine, dinitrophenol and yeast-induced pyrexia. The extract exerted prominent inhibition of pyrexia on amphetamine, dinitrophenol and yeast -induced pyrexia. Inhibition was significant (p<0.05–0.001) from 3 to 5 h post- administration of extract and in a dose-dependent fashion. The antipyretic effects of this plant may in part be mediated through the chemical constituents of the plant. The results of this investigation validate the ethnomedical uses of this plant in the treatment of febrile conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jude E. Okokon, Chinyelu C. Osigwe, John A Udobang, Uwaeme Ugonma Florence
Onychomycosis in Students: An Overview of Nail Care Practices and Personal Hygiene
Onychomycosis is a common nail disorder caused by dermatophytes, yeasts, and non-dermatophyte molds, with increasing prevalence among young adults. Poor nail care and personal hygiene habits are essential predisposing factors that contribute to infection. Despite its clinical relevance, data on onychomycosis in student populations remain limited. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 undergraduate students from the Faculty of Health Sciences, aged 18–25 years. Nail specimens were collected from individuals presenting with suspected onychomycosis. Direct microscopy was performed using a 20% potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation, and samples were cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar supplemented with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide. Fungal isolates were identified based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Sociodemographic data, nail care habits, and hygiene practices were collected through structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed descriptively, and associations were assessed using chi-square tests. Onychomycosis was confirmed in 27 students (18%). Dermatophytes were the most frequent isolates, with Trichophyton rubrum (9%) and T. mentagrophytes (5%) predominating, followed by Candida albicans (3%) and Aspergillus spp. (1%). Risk factors significantly associated with infection included irregular nail trimming (p = 0.01), sharing of nail clippers (p = 0.03), and prolonged use of closed footwear (p = 0.02). No significant associations were observed with gender or age. Onychomycosis is prevalent among university students, with dermatophytes as the leading causative agents. Inadequate nail care and poor hygiene practices play a critical role in the occurrence of diseases. Health education and preventive interventions should be prioritized to reduce infection rates in young adults. Further studies employing molecular methods are recommended to refine species identification and improve epidemiological insights.
Formula Optimization and Sensory Analysis of Functional Collagen Drink from Butterfly Pea Flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) and Red Guava (Psidium guajava L.)
The global market for functional beverages is experiencing rapid growth as consumer awareness for healthy lifestyles increases. The objective of this study is to ascertain the physical characteristics, optimal formula, and organoleptic quality of functional collagen beverages derived from a blend of bayang flower (Clitoria ternatea L.), red guava (Psidium guajava L.), and emprit ginger. In this study, an extreme vertex design was employed in conjunction with Minitab 19 to extract the materials. The extraction process was carried out using the following methods: telang flowers were subjected to a drying process at 40°C for 24 hours, followed by extraction with water at 60°C for 30 minutes; ginger emprit was dried at 60°C for 24 hours and then extracted at 55°C for 15 minutes; and red guava was blended with water at a 1:1 ratio. The total phenolic content was analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, while antioxidant activity was evaluated through the use of the DPPH method. Finally, sensory evaluation was conducted employing a hedonic test, which was completed by 100 untrained panelists. The optimal formula obtained was 50% telang flower extract, 30% red guava juice, 15% ginger emprit extract, and 5% collagen hydrolysate (desirability value 0.8288), resulting in antioxidant activity of 316.45 mg TE/100 ml and total phenolic content of 247.33 mg GAE/L. The sensory evaluation revealed that the subject demonstrated moderate acceptance, as indicated by an average preference score of 3.51. The combination of bay flower extract and guava juice exhibited a synergistic effect in enhancing antioxidant activity, while guava juice contributed significantly to the total phenolic content. Notwithstanding the favorable reception, the robust ginger flavor, elevated viscosity, diminished clarity, and textural characteristics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anjar Asmarani Widya Nabilah, Ela Marcelia, Tri Dewanti Widyaningsih, Kiki Fibrianto
Intraosseous Capillary Hemangioma of the Nasal Dorsum in an Adolescent
Hemangioma is a benign vascular tumor that commonly occurs in children, but its presentation on the nasal dorsum is rare, especially among adolescents. This case report describes a 16-year-old male patient with a progressively enlarging, painful nasal mass over seven months. Clinical workup including CT-scan, angiography, and FNAB revealed a vascular lesion suggestive of hemangioma. The patient underwent pre-operative embolization followed by surgical excision. Histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluations confirmed the diagnosis of intraosseous capillary hemangioma. Postoperative follow-up showed good aesthetic and functional outcomes with no recurrence. This report highlights the importance of comprehensive diagnostic and surgical approaches for managing rare hemangioma of the nasal dorsum to minimize complications and preserve facial structure.
Copyright (c) 2025 Soehartono, Rizky Afianti
Potential of Fig Fruit Ethanol Extract (Ficus carica L.) Against Staphylococcus aureus MRSA and Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL Bacteria
Ficus carica L. commonly known as figs originate from West Asia and have bioactive components with antibacterial properties. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of fig ethanol extract in inhibiting the growth of MDR Staphylococcus aureus MRSA and Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL bacteria, to determine the MIC and MBC values, and the types of compounds contained in fig ethanol extract. The method began with fig extraction using concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% with 4 repetitions, testing MIC and MBC using the liquid dilution method, TLC-Bioautography test with ethyl acetate: methanol: aquades (7: 2: 1) eluent. The results showed that fig fruit extract had an inhibition zone with an average value of 3.30 mm at a concentration of 100% which was still in the weak category, the MIC value of Staphylococcus aureus MRSA bacteria was a concentration of 100% and Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL bacteria was a concentration of 80%. The MBC value of MDR bacteria was not obtained because there was still bacterial growth. The results of the TLC-bioautography test of ethanol extract of fig fruit (Ficus carica L.) can inhibit bacterial growth indicated by the presence of a clear zone with an Rf value of 0.5 cm (unidentified), 0.31 cm (Flavonoid), 0.2 cm (Phenol). The compounds that act as antibacterials against Staphylococcus aureus MRSA and Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL bacteria are the flavonoid and phenol groups.
Copyright (c) 2025 Enmia Septia Padang, Rini Hafzari, Endang Sulistyarini Gultom
Green Extraction of Corn Silk Flavonoids Using NADES-UAE: Optimizing Conditions for Agricultural Waste Valorization
Corn silk (of Zea mays L.) is an agricultural waste that has not been optimally utilized, even though it is known to contain flavonoid compounds with various pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects. The flavonoid compounds in corn silk have the potential to be developed as natural raw materials for applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields. However, the extraction process for these active compounds often still uses organic solvents like methanol, which are toxic, flammable, and have negative impacts on health and the environment. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize the Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) method using a more environmentally friendly alternative solvent, namely Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES). The study was conducted in two main stages: selection of the best NADES composition and molar ratio from combinations of choline chloride with urea, glycerol, lactic acid, and malic acid; and optimization of UAE parameters including ultrasonic power, time, and temperature using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) model. The determination of total flavonoid content was performed using the colorimetric method with AlCl? reagent and quercetin standard, and the measurements were taken using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the NADES combination of choline chloride:urea (1:2) with the addition of 30% aquades produced the highest flavonoid content compared to 80% methanol solvent. The optimal conditions for UAE extraction were obtained at 100 % ultrasonic power, 30 minutes of extraction time, and a temperature of 70°C, resulting in a total flavonoid content yield of 96.02 ± 0.48 mgQE/g of corn silk powder. This study concluded that the combination of NADES and UAE method can significantly enhance the extraction yield of total flavonoids while also providing a more sustainable and environmentally friendly solution for the utilization of agricultural waste, such as corn silk.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anak Agung Sagung Intan Kwanira Gayatri, Anak Agung Gede Rai Yadnya Putra, Putu Oka Samirana
Actinomycetes from Plant Rhizosphere in Gorontalo Karst Area as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria
This study aimed to describe Actinomycetes from the rhizosphere of plants in the Gorontalo karst area as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR). The research method is based on a quantitative descriptive method. Soil samples from the rhizosphere were collected using a purposive sampling technique from 8 plant species at two locations in the Gorontalo karst region, namely the Tanjung Kramat Hills. The characteristics of PGPR in this study focused on phosphate solubilization ability, Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) production, antagonism against the fungus Fusarium oxysporum, and tolerance to fungicides. Potential PGPR isolates were analyzed for phylogenetic relationships based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The results showed that there were 6 actinomycetes isolates (RzHKC-01, RzKO-02, RzO-03, RzAK-04, RzPK-05, and RzOC-06) from 8 plant species in the Gorontalo karst region. One actinomycetes isolate, RzPK-05, showed potential as a PGPR with the ability to solubilize phosphate and produce IAA at 0.165 mg/L and 0.133 mg/L, respectively. Isolate RzPK-05 exhibited antagonistic properties against Fusarium oxysporum with an inhibition rate of 82.24% and was tolerant to fungicides such as Captive, Benlate, and Thiramo up to a concentration of 100 mg/L. Molecular analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene and phylogenetic tree reconstruction indicated that the RzPK-05 isolate is closely related to the genus Streptomyces with 100% similarity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Citra Leonita Matalauni, Yuliana Retnowati, Abubakar Sidik Katili, Novri Youla Kandowangko, Ani M. Hasan
In silico and Histochemical Analysis of Soursop Leaves (Annona muricata) Against Alpha Estrogen Receptor
Soursop leaves (Annona muricata) are known as a plant that has the potential to treat breast cancer, which has a high mortality rate in women in Indonesia. The receptor that plays the most important role in breast cancer development is the Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ERa). This study aims to identify active compounds in soursop leaves that have the potential to inhibit breast cancer cell growth through in silico analysis using molecular docking of the ER? receptor using KNApSAck, PASS Online, PubChem, PDB ID, PyRx, and Discovery Studio software and Histochemical analysis was performed using fresh soursop leaves by making an incision on the lower part of the leaf and adding reagents AlCl, FeCl, Na2CO, CuSO4, glycerin, Wagner reagent, immersion oil, and ethanol, then observed microscopically. The in silico results showed the presence of specific compounds from soursop leaves and one reference compound (OHT600). Cis-Solamin had the highest binding affinity (-9.3 kcal/mol), better than the native ligand (-7.6 kcal/mol), and interacted with the amino acid Glutamine 532 (GLU532). Histochemical analysis showed the content of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, and alkaloids, accompanied by color changes in trichome and stomatal tissues. Based on the research data, it was concluded that soursop leaves can inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells through the content of secondary metabolites that actively inhibit Er? receptors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Afidah Fajar Nuari, Gatra Ervi Jayanti, Majida Ramadhan
Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of Dyera polyphylla (Miq) Steenis Extract Using the DPPH Method
This research aimed to determine the chemical profile and antioxidant activity of the jelutung rawa plant (Dyera polyphylla). Phytochemical screening tests were conducted using specific reagents, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Determination of antioxidant activity was performed the DPPH method. The research results showed the presence of secondary metabolite compounds, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and terpenoids in the leaves, while the contain alkaloids, phenolics, tannins, and terpenoids. The antioxidant activity in this plant has been identified as a strong natural antioxidant.
Copyright (c) 2025 Putri Dharma Monika, Rini Muharini, Eni Mayasari
Application of Edible Coating Water Soluble Based Chitosan Nanoparticles and Polyvinyl Alcohol in Strawberry (Fragaria Ananassa) Storage
Strawberries (Fragaria ananassa) are highly sought after for their vibrant color and unique flavor. However, their high perishability and rapid quality degradation lead to significant post-harvest losses and a decrease in market value. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of an edible coating based on WSC nanoparticles and PVA on the quality characteristics of strawberries during storage. The research methodology included the synthesis of WSC nanoparticles, preparation of the coating solution, application to strawberries, and subsequent storage. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with a single-factor arrangement was utilized, comprising five PVA concentrations (0%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%) with three replications. The results demonstrated that the application of the nanoparticle WSC-PVA-based edible coating effectively reduced weight loss and delayed physical deterioration. Increasing PVA concentrations led to a more effective preservation of total soluble solids (°Brix), a lower weight loss percentage, and a slower decline in vitamin C content. Higher PVA concentrations were found to reduce the rate of quality degradation and moisture loss. The coating formulation containing 4% PVA (P3) exhibited the best performance, maintaining a water content of 92.24%, total soluble solids of 2 °Brix, a pH of 4.3, a weight loss of 30%, and a vitamin C retention rate of 9.02%. The findings of this study offer a valuable solution for farmers to mitigate strawberry quality decline and provide new insights for future research on food preservation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Likia Salsa Billa, Yunita Rachmawati, Titis Kusumaninghayu, Pandu Lintang Nugroho, Angela Merici Pusparani, Esa Ghanim Fadhallah, Diki Danar Tri Winanti, Madi Hartono
Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Methanol Extract of Gletang Flower (Tridax procumbens)
In a previous study, the methanol extract of Tridax procumbens flowers (commonly known as gletang) at high concentrations was reported to exhibit strong antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis. This study aimed to examine the secondary metabolite content, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity of the methanol extract of gletang flowers. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using two methods, namely DPPH and ABTS assays. The antibacterial activity was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer method at concentrations of 1000, 5000, and 10000 ppm against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococcus faecalis. Phytochemical screening revealed that the methanol extract of gletang flowers contains phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, and triterpenoids. The antioxidant activity tests showed very strong activity in both DPPH and ABTS assays, with IC50 values of 6.8478 ± 1.335 and 12.8608 ± 0.579 ppm, respectively. The antibacterial activity tests showed that the methanol extract of gletang flowers exhibited strong activity against E. faecalis at concentrations of 5000 and 10000 ppm, with inhibition zone diameters of 3.00 ± 0.14 and 3.20 ± 0.14 mm, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2025 Boima Situmeang, Weny JA Musa, Nurhayati Bialangi, Sriwijayanti, Holisha Widiyanto, Dian Susvira
Therapeutic Effect of Topical Ointment Ethanol Extract From Patiwala Leaves (Lantana camara) on Histological Profile of Incision Wounds in Diabetic Rat Models
Diabetic wounds are one of the neurovascular complications of diabetes. Hyperglycemia complicates the healing of diabetic wounds, which are susceptible to infection and chronic inflammation. Topical treatment using herbal extracts aims to reduce the side effects of surrounding tissue damage. A topical ointment made from ethanol extract of Patiwala (Lantana camara) leaves, which has been tested for product quality, has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects that has been proven to help accelerate the healing of diabetic wounds in rats through parameters such as reduced wound diameter, changes in the number of fibroblast cells, and collagen fiber formation seen in the histological profile during 21 days of therapy with a concentration of 15% (p>0.05) compared to the positive control of 10% betadine.
Copyright (c) 2025 Theosobia Grace Orno, Anita Rosanty, Ratih Feraritra Danu Atmaja, Zulfikar Ali Hasan, Tuty Yuniarty, Ahmat Rediansya Putra
Toddler Massage as a Supplementary Intervention in Overcoming Stunting in Children: Research from Stunting Locus Area in Gorontalo City
Stunting defined as impaired linear growth resulting in a child’s height falling below the age-appropriate standard, remains a pressing global health concern due to its long-term implications on development and increased risk of mortality. In Gorontalo Province, Indonesia, the prevalence of stunting exceeds the national target of 23.8%, with North Gorontalo Regency reporting the highest rate at 29.3%. This study aimed to examine the effect of toddler massage on weight gain among stunted children. A quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group approach was employed, involving 32 stunted toddlers selected through purposive sampling. Participants were equally allocated into an intervention group (n=16), which received toddler massage based on standard operating procedures, and a control group (n=16), which did not receive the intervention. Body weight was measured using digital scales. The results of the paired t-test revealed a statistically significant weight gain in the intervention group (p = 0.00), whereas no significant difference was observed in the control group (p = 0.164). The findings indicate that toddler massage may contribute to weight improvement in stunted children and could be considered a supportive non-pharmacological intervention in stunting management programs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sri Mulyaningsih, Dwi Nur Octaviani Katili, Rizky Nikmathulhusna Ali, Mohamad Rodi Isa, Herbawati Herbawati
Computational Insights into the Comparative Analysis of Insulin- like Compounds in Bitter Melon: Targeting GSK-3 Protein and Insulin Receptor
Diabetes, a rapidly escalating global health challenge, is defined by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Current treatment options often fall short due to side effects and limited efficacy in addressing long-term complications, underscoring the urgent need for safer, more effective alternatives. This study delves into the potential of insulin-like compounds derived from bitter melon (Momordica charantia) to combat diabetes by targeting two pivotal proteins: glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and insulin receptors. These proteins are crucial for glucose regulation and insulin signaling, making them key targets for blood sugar control. Through computational molecular docking, we evaluated the binding affinities and inhibition potentials of key bitter melon compounds, including Charantin and Vicine. Molecular structures were sourced from the PubChem database and optimized using density functional theory (B3LYP functional, 6-311G++ (d, p) basis set) with Gaussian-09 software. Structural data for GSK-3 (PDB ID: 1Q5K) and insulin receptors (PDB ID: 1IR3) were retrieved from the Protein Data Bank, and docking studies were conducted using the Lamarckian genetic algorithm in AutoDock 4.2. Protein-ligand interactions, bond lengths, and amino acid residues in binding pockets were analyzed with Discovery Studio, while ADMET profiles and toxicity levels were predicted using pkCSM and ProTox-II.Charantin demonstrated the highest binding affinity and inhibition potential against both GSK-3 and insulin receptors. Toxicity analysis revealed that Charantin, classified under toxicity class 6, is safer than Vicine (class 4), with a higher LD50 value indicating lower toxicity. These findings position Charantin as a promising multi-target anti-diabetic agent with significant efficacy and minimal side effects. This research paves the way for developing novel, safer anti-diabetic medications derived from natural sources, offering a beacon of hope in the fight against diabetes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fernando Nalini Prasangika
Analysis of Influencing Factors on The Provision of Birth Control Equipment and Materials at The Lahomi Non-Inpatient Health Center Unit, West Nias Regency
The quality and access to family planning services demands a paradigm shift, especially among service providers, which in this case are Bapermas and KB. That is why service must be carried out on the basis of volunteerism, openness, and honesty. One of the service providers that is still questionable about the quality of its services is the Community Empowerment, Women and Family Planning Agency. The implementation of the provision of kb tools and materials has not been carried out properly and correctly. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors of influence on the provision of birth control equipment and materials at the UPT Non-Inpatient Health Center Lahomi, West Nias Regency. The type of research used was quantitative analytics. Dessay research is a cross-sectional study. The sampling technique in this study was the total population, namely the entire population was used as a research sample, then the number of samples in the study was 170 employees. The results of the study explained that there was an influence between supervision, direction, control, supervision and budgeting on the provider of birth control equipment and materials in Lahomi Health Center, Nias Regency. West. It is hoped that with this research, Lahomi Health Center will improve the quality of services, especially in the provision of birth control tools and materials.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sri Lestari Nasution, Dermawati Laia, Ermi Girsang
Soybean Plant Growth and Production Response (Glycine max (L.) Merril) to the Application of Liquid Organic Fertilizer (Poc) Apu – Apu (Pistia stratiotes L.) Plant and Various Soil Reformers on Ultisol Soil Media
This study aimed to evaluate the growth and yield responses of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) to the application of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) derived from apu-apu (Pistia stratiotes L.) and various soil conditioners on Ultisol soil. The research was carried out from September to December 2020 at the experimental garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Medan Area, located at an altitude of 22 masl with flat topography, Ultisol soil characteristics, and a soil pH of 4.94. The experimens used a randomized block design with two factors: (1) concensrations of apu-apu LOF (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% per liter of water) and (2) types of soil conditioners (no conditioner, rice-husk biochar, Mucuna bracteata green manure, and human-hair organic amendmens at 50 g per polybag). Observed parameters included plans height, number of branches, flowering age, number of bunches per plans and per plot, number of pods per plans and per plot, seed weight per plans and per plot, and 100-seed dry weight. The results showed that the application of LOF from apu-apu significansly increased several agronomic and yield componenss, namely number of branches at 6 WAP, number of bunches per plans and per plot, number of pods per plans and per plot, seed weight per plans and per plot, and 100-seed dry weight. Meanwhile, the application of differens soil conditioners produced highly significans effects on plans height at 4–6 WAP, number of pods per plant and per plot, seed weight per plans and per plot, and 100-seed dry weight, although it did not significansly affect the number of branches or number of bunches. Overall, the combination of LOF and soil conditioners improved soybean growth and productivity in Ultisol soil conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ellen Lumisar Panggabean, Azwana
Beneficial Effect of Sumbawa Wild Horse Milk Yogurt on Lipid Profile and Cardiovascular Risk in Rats on a High-Cholesterol Diet
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death in Indonesia, with a high prevalence due to a high-cholesterol diet that triggers hypercholesterolemia. The use of statins as a long-term pharmacological therapy often causes side effects, so safe natural alternatives are needed. Sumbawa wild horse milk is a potential functional food source that contains essential fatty acids and lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which have probiotic potential. This study aims to evaluate the effect of Sumbawa wild horse milk yogurt on total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, Atherogenic Index (AI), and Cardiac Risk Ratio (CRR) levels in hypercholesterolemic male Wistar rats. A total of 30 rats were divided into six groups: normal, positive control (high-cholesterol diet), negative control (simvastatin), and three treatment groups, T1, T2, and T3, with doses of Sumbawa wild horse milk yogurt of 2, 3, and 4 ml/day, respectively, for 28 days. The results showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol levels (p = 0.006), with the lowest levels observed in the T3 treatment group (95.25 ± 20.17 mg/dL). Although HDL, LDL, IA, and CRR levels did not show significant differences (p > 0.05), a trend of improvement in lipid profiles was observed in the treatment group, characterized by an increase in HDL and a decrease in LDL, AI, and CRR compared to the positive control. The mechanism of cholesterol reduction is thought to be mediated through the activity of LAB, which assimilates cholesterol, facilitates bile acid deconjugation, and produces short-chain fatty acids that inhibit cholesterol absorption. Thus, Sumbawa wild horse milk yogurt has the potential to be a hypocholesterolemic functional food that can improve lipid profiles and reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and CVD.
Copyright (c) 2025 Laksmi Nur Fajriani, Ni Made Wiasty Sukanty, Dea Pratiwi Silpia Putri, Esya Mariska Febriani
Effect of Essential Oil of Tejpat, Black Pepper, and Cardamom as a Natural Food Preservatives for Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Juice
Essential oil of tejpat (Cinnamomum tamala), black pepper (Piper nigrum) and cardamom (Amomum subulatum roxb.) collected by hydro distillation, and were tested as natural food preservative in orange juice (Citrus sinensis). The physiochemical changes such as pH, TSS, acidity, total microbial count, yeast and mold count were evaluated at fix time intervals of 4 hours. for 24 hours. It has been observed that the juice sample infused with black pepper essential oil demonstrated superior preservation of TSS, pH and acidity compared to the other variants. Orange juice supplemented with essential oils maintained the microbial count and yeast and mold count below 100 CFU/ml for up to 24 hours. After 24 hours of storage, all samples surpassed the total microbial count. Among the essential oils, black pepper essential oil demonstrated superior preservation compared to the others.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sagar Mani Paudel, Bishal Thagunna, Deepa Khadka, Rashmi Baral, Deepa Thapa
Effect of Different Concentration of SCOBY Kombucha as an Anti-acne Against Staphylococcus aureus in The Ear of Mice (Mus musculus)
SCOBY (Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast) results from symbiosis between yeast and bacteria during fermentation. SCOBY kombucha gel combined with orange peel extract has antibacterial compounds that can inhibit the growth of S. aureus bacteria. The method in this study was to make variations in the concentration of SCOBY in the gel and inject S. aureus bacteria into the ears of mice. After 2x24 hours, the diameter of the inflammation caused was observed and SCOBY kombucha gel was applied (0%, 2%, 4%, 8%, 10%, and 12%), positive control (Mediclin 1%), and negative control (without gel application). The results showed that the higher the concentration of SCOBY, the faster the healing activity of the gel against S. aureus. SCOBY kombucha gel has the fastest healing activity in inhibiting acne pathogen S. aureus 12% SCOBY gel. Inflammation in the ears of mice treated with 12% SCOBY gel had healed by the 90th hour, while in other groups of mice it had only healed at the last observation hour, namely the 114th hour.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anggun Putri Ferdyanti, Eva Agustina, Hanik Faizah, Risa Purnamasari
Study of Sperm Utilization in Female Drosophila melanogaster of bdp and btx Strains
This study investigates the patterns of sperm utilization in female Drosophila melanogaster of the bdp and btx strains through sequential mating with multiple males. The research was conducted as a descriptive observational study without experimental manipulation. Females of each strain were crossed with four different males in a specific order, with a two-day interval between each mating. F1 offspring phenotypes were recorded daily over a six-day period following the final mating. Data were analyzed descriptively and supported by somatic chromosome reconstruction to identify the male origin of each offspring. The results indicate that sperm utilization in D. melanogaster females occurs in both random and non-random patterns. Non-random utilization was observed when offspring were produced exclusively from the first male, with no contribution from subsequent males. For example, in the female btx × male N cross, only N female and N male offspring were produced, indicating that sperm from the first male was preferentially used. In contrast, random sperm utilization was evident in later matings, where offspring from multiple males appeared, suggesting that previously stored sperm remained viable and were used alongside or instead of sperm from later matings. These findings highlight the complexity of post-mating sexual selection in D. melanogaster, particularly the role of female sperm storage and utilization mechanisms. The ability of females to either favor the sperm of a particular male or mix sperm from several males may provide evolutionary advantages in terms of genetic diversity and offspring fitness. This study contributes to a better understanding of reproductive strategies and sperm competition in insects, with potential implications for broader studies in evolutionary biology and genetics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lisa Savitri, Kharisul Ihsan, Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo, Rochmad Krissanjaya
Association Between Lip Prints and Blood Groups Among Koya University Students
Lip prints, also known as cheiloscopy, are designs created by the positioning of creases and lines around the red edge of a person’s lip. In forensic science, lip prints can be used for identification just like fingerprints. Blood is categorized into blood groups, sometimes called blood types, according to whether or not specific antigens are present on the surface of red blood cells. The aim of this project was to discover the correlation between lip prints and blood groups. A study involving 334 volunteers aged 18-25, collected at Koya University, used standard blood typing methods to determine their blood groups. Our results discovered a correlation between lip prints and blood groups in females; there is a correlation, but in males, there is not a correlation. The research indicates a correlation between blood groups and lip print patterns, suggesting that lip print traits may be linked to blood groups in females.
Copyright (c) 2025 Harem Othman smail, Rezhna Khder Hassan, Helin Omer Ismail
Phytochemical Screening and Blood Glucose Response of Red Dragon Fruit Extract in Alloxan-Induced Mice
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, which can lead to various complications. Natural products, including red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus), have gained attention for their potential antidiabetic properties due to their phytochemical content, particularly flavonoids. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition of red dragon fruit extract and its effect on blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Phytochemical screening was conducted qualitatively to identify the presence of secondary metabolites. Male mice were divided into five groups: a negative control group (no treatment), a positive control group (metformin 10 mg/kg BW), and three treatment groups (T1, T2, T3) receiving red dragon fruit extract at doses of 18.2, 36.4, and 72.8 mg/kg BW, respectively. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (140 mg/kg BW). Treatments were administered orally once daily for 6 days. Blood glucose levels were measured on days 0, 2, 4, and 6. Data were analyzed using the Friedmann test. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins in the extract. Statistical analysis showed no significant reduction in blood glucose levels after administration of red dragon fruit extract at any of the tested doses (p>0.05). Red dragon fruit extract did not exhibit a significant antihyperglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic mice under the tested conditions. This may be attributed to suboptimal dosage, insufficient flavonoid concentration, or a less effective mechanism of action compared to standard therapy. Further studies are needed to optimize the formulation and evaluate its potential using different extraction methods or in combination with other bioactive compounds.
Copyright (c) 2025 I Gusti Agung Istri Mas Dianti Pratiwi, Ni Putu Ayu Dian Maharani, Ni Made Asthi Pramesti Kirana, Putu Nadya Asti Utari, I Gede Ngurah Bagus Arthayasa, Luh Gde Evayanti, Made Dharmesti Wijaya
Fragrant Pandan (Pandanus ammaryllifolius) Leaves Ethanol Extract as an Enhancer of Endogenous Antioxidant Defence under High-Fat Diet Conditions
Excessive fat consumption, especially saturated and trans fatty acids, plays a significant role in metabolic disorders such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease through increased oxidative stress. Malondialdehyde (MDA), the end product of lipid peroxidation, serves as a biomarker of oxidative damage, whereas indirect bilirubin acts as an endogenous antioxidant. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of fragrant pandan leaves ethanol extract (FPLEE) in reducing MDA levels and modulating indirect bilirubin activity in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The experimental method used 24 male Rattus norvegicus divided into six treatment groups: normal control (NC), positive control (C+), negative control (C-), and three FPLEE treatment groups with different doses (8, 16, and 32 mg/200 g BW/day). Administration was carried out for 14 days after 14 days of HFD induction. MDA levels were measured using the ELISA method, while total bilirubin and direct bilirubin were measured using spectrophotometry to determine indirect bilirubin levels. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and the post hoc Bonferroni test. The results showed that there were no significant differences in MDA levels between groups, although the C+ group fed a HFD showed a tendency toward increased MDA. Indirect bilirubin levels increased significantly in the low-dose FPLEE group (8 mg/200 g BW/day), indicating increased endogenous antioxidant activity, while higher doses did not. Thus, FPLEE has the potential to be an effective natural phytopharmaceutical agent in enhancing the body's antioxidant defence against oxidative stress caused by excessive fat consumption, especially at low doses.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ni Made Wiasty Sukanty, Laksmi Nur Fajriani, I Putu Bayu Agus Saputra, Iptan Ariki, I Ketut Agus Yura Aditya, Angeline Devon Venansius
Effectiveness of Traditional Remedies Pucuk Jarak and Bedak Langeh in Melongas Massage on the Growth and Development of Stunted Toddlers
Stunting is a serious health problem among toddlers, characterized by delayed physical growth due to inadequate nutrition, a history of infectious diseases, low maternal education, and suboptimal parenting. In North Lombok Regency, the prevalence of stunting remained high at 19.3% in 2023. Efforts to address this issue have not only focused on nutritional interventions but also included complementary non-pharmacological therapies, such as melongas massage, which has been traditionally practiced using pucuk jarak and bedak langeh remedies. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of these two remedies on the growth and development of stunted toddlers. A quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group design was applied, involving 72 stunted toddlers divided into three groups: pucuk jarak, bedak langeh, and control. The intervention was carried out for four weeks with melongas massage administered twice weekly. The measured parameters included body weight, height, appetite, sleep quality, and immune function. The results showed that the pucuk jarak group experienced more significant improvements across all parameters compared to the bedak langeh and control groups. Phytochemical tests supported these findings, showing total flavonoid levels of 53.32 mgQE/g in pucuk jarak compared to 3.58 mgQE/g in bedak langeh. The high flavonoid content is believed to play an important role in improving metabolism, appetite, growth, and immunity in toddlers. Thus, melongas massage using pucuk jarak has the potential to serve as a complementary strategy rooted in local wisdom for accelerating stunting reduction programs in North Lombok.
Copyright (c) 2025 Widani Darma Isasih, Junendri Ardian
Application of Carbon Nanodots from Cocoa Husk Waste to Improve the Mechanical Properties of Cellulose-Carrageenan-Based Biodegradable Films
Biodegradable films made from natural materials such as cellulose and carrageenan are easily degradable but exhibit poor mechanical properties. Incorporating carbon nanodots (CDs) from cocoa husk waste has the potential to improve their mechanical properties. This study aimed to characterize CDs synthesized from cocoa husk waste and evaluate their mechanical properties of cellulose-carrageenan-based biodegradable films. The research stages include the isolation of cocoa husk cellulose, CDs synthesis, CDs characterization, biodegradable film preparation, and characterization of the mechanical properties of biodegradable films. The experimental design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with the treatment factor of CDs addition at six levels (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 9%) with three replicates. The results showed that the average size of cocoa husk CDs was 997 nm, and the absorbance peak was detected at 298 nm, validating that the CDs had been successfully synthesized with blue light emission. Incorporating CDs significantly affected the mechanical properties of the biodegradable film. Biodegradable cellulose-carrageenan-based films with the addition of CDs from cocoa husks had a thickness of 0.35–0.64 mm, tensile strength of 2.94–4.20 MPa, elongation of 36.51–63.28%, and elasticity of 6.00–9.45 MPa. The tensile strength and elongation values meet the JIS Z 1707 standard. Higher concentrations of CDs significantly improved tensile strength and elasticity, while reducing the thickness and elongation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fitri Nuraini Fadila, Esa Ghanim Fadhallah, Ahmad Sapta Zuidar, Teguh Setiawan, Gustaf Triyoga, Jihan Allya Syahar, Hersan Pratama Ashari, Precillia Regitha, Fathan Khanifadin, Wulan Nur Aisyah, Dea Meranda, Zaskia Rahma Andini
Effectiveness of Antioxidant Compounds in Minaserua Herbal Drink from Bima as a Functional Food on Blood Pressure and Cholesterol Levels
Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are major risk factors for degenerative diseases with increasing prevalence. Minaserua, a traditional herbal drink from Bima made from black glutinous rice, ginger, turmeric, clove, Javanese chili, black pepper, palm sugar, and coconut milk, is rich in bioactive compounds and potentially reduces blood pressure and cholesterol levels. This study employed a pre-post control group design. Participants were divided into an experimental group, receiving Minaserua daily for 2–4 weeks, and a control group, receiving no intervention. Blood pressure and cholesterol levels were measured before and after the intervention. Antioxidant activity was analyzed using the DPPH spectrophotometric method. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t-tests and independent t-tests. Minaserua exhibited strong antioxidant activity with an IC-50 of 41.30 mg/ml. The experimental group showed significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and significant increases in HDL (p < 0.05), along with significant decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.05). The control group showed no significant changes, except for a marginal increase in HDL. Minaserua herbal drink effectively improves lipid profiles and lowers blood pressure, supporting its potential as a functional food for preventing hypertension and hypercholesterolemia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anisah, Baiq Dewi Sukma Septiani
Exclusive Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding on Stunting Children Among 12-24 Months: A Retrospective Study
This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding, as well as the incidence of stunting in children between the ages of 12-24 months. An observational analytical study design with a cross-sectional approach was applied to examine the relationship between independent variables (knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding) and the dependent variable (stunting). This study was conducted in the working area of the Kota Tengah Health Center working area. The results showed significant relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of stunting in children (r: 0.541) with a p-value of 0.000 (p-value < 0.05), as well as a significant relationship between complementary feeding and the incidence of stunting in children (r: 0.332) with a p-value of 0.000 (p-value < 0.05). This study provides valuable information to mothers, highlighting the causes of stunting and promoting preventative measures to minimize its occurrence, such as carrying out consultations at the health care centre with personnel or professionals and addressing cases promptly.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dewi Modjo, Zuriati Muhamad, Aurelia Intan Sitty Aisyah P.S.P Oei
Evaluating Acute Toxicity of Jamu Cekok in Rats: A Histopathological Approach Based on OECD 425
Jamu cekok, an Indonesian traditional medicine to increase children appetite, has not passed preclinical or clinical trials. The rhizomes that make up jamu cekok such as pakai bahasa latinnya contain ethyl p-methoxycinnamate which is toxic, thus potentially harmful to the children. Therefore in this study we aim to determine the Lethal Dose (LD50) value of jamu cekok using the OECD 425 method as well as to observed the histopathological change in the liver in female Rattus norvegicus L. This study used an analytical experimental design with the OECD 425 method to test the acute toxicity of jamu cekok. The test rats used were in accordance with the OECD 425 protocol with an additional 2 negative control rats. Jamu cekok in the form of decocta were given once on the first day of the acute toxicity test and observed for 14 days. On the 15th day, rats were euthanized, dissected, and hepatic organs were taken to make histopathological preparations with Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. Analysis of hepatic damage was assessed using Histopathology Scoring Manja Roenigk and tested by Kruskal Wallis method. The results showed the LD50 value of decocta extract of jamu cekok was >5000 mg/kgBB. Observations of body weight, behavioral tests, organ index, and macroscopic hepar of test rats showed no signs of toxicity. However, The statistical analysis for histopathology test showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the negative control group and the 5000 mg/kgBB treatment group. In conclusion, the administration of jamu cekok was categorized as practically non-toxic but it can caused reversible hepatic damage at a dose of 5000 mg/kgBB.
Copyright (c) 2025 Michelle The, Puji Astuti, Siti Aisyah, Hadi Kurniawan
Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Favipiravir and Oseltamivir Antiretroviral Covid-19 Patients in Bogor Cisarua Lung Hospital
Favipiravir is a type of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitor. Favipiravir is converted by host enzymes to T-705-ribofuranosyl 5-triphosphate and may act as a nucleotide analogue that selectively inhibits viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or causes lethal mutagenesis upon insertion into viral RNA without cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. Oseltamivir is part of the neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) group which has a mechanism of action by inhibiting viral neuraminidase. Most of the alternative therapies for Covid-19 require pharmacoeconomic studies, especially regarding cost-effectiveness analysis which is useful in balancing patient expenses by determining treatment alternatives that represent the best health outcomes at a more affordable cost. The aim of this study was to compare the cost effectiveness of the antiretrovirals Favipiravir and Oseltamivir. This research method used a descriptive analytic cross-sectional design and data collection was carried out retrospectively from the medical records of Covid-19 sufferers while detailed data on medical expenses were obtained from the finance department of inpatients at Cisarua Pulmonary Hospital, Bogor for the period September-October 2022. Sample of 80 patients consisted of 40 patients using Favipiravir and 40 patients using Oseltamivir. The parameters used in this research are direct medical costs (which include doctor visit costs, treatment room costs, laboratory costs and drug costs) while the effectiveness uses a negative RT PCR value. The results showed that in patients using Favipiravir with an average length of treatment 6.525 days, the total cost was Rp. 9,930,327/patient and Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (RP/day/patient) Rp. 1,521,899.195, whereas in patients using Oseltamivir with an average length of treatment 7.925 days, the total cost was IDR. 12,368,397/patient and Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (Rp/day/patient) IDR. 1,560,681,009. It can be concluded that Favipiravir is more cost effective than Oseltamivir.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ani Rahayu, Dwi Puspita Sari, Lukluk Utami Ningsih, A. Triwildan ST Fatimah
Eco-Friendly Biochar-Chitosan Coating for Controlled Nitrogen-Fe Release from Slow-Release Fertilizers
The development of slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) has gained increasing attention as an efficient approach to enhance nutrient utilization while minimizing nutrient losses and environmental impacts. In this study, biochar–chitosan composites were employed as encapsulating materials for urea and Fe to produce SRF beads. The beads were synthesized through ionic gelation in NaOH solution, followed by swelling tests and structural characterization using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The swelling analysis demonstrated that the most effective formulation was obtained from the composition containing 3 g of biochar and 3 g of urea, achieving the highest swelling capacity of 92% after 48 h. This result indicates that the biochar–chitosan matrix provides sufficient porosity and water affinity to support nutrient retention and release. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of characteristic functional groups of biochar, chitosan, urea, and Fe, verifying the successful incorporation of all components into the composite beads. Furthermore, XRD analysis revealed a predominantly amorphous structure, as evidenced by broad peaks in the 2theta range of 20°–60°. However, sharp crystalline peaks were also observed at 2theta approximately 29.1° and 33.9°, corresponding to urea, and at 2theta approximately 40°, attributed to crystalline phases of urea and Fe. These results suggest that the structural configuration of the beads combines both amorphous and crystalline phases, which may contribute to controlled nutrient release behavior. Overall, the findings demonstrate that biochar–chitosan encapsulation is a promising strategy for developing efficient SRFs with enhanced swelling properties and structural stability, offering potential for sustainable agricultural applications.
The Effectiveness of Honey Purity Testing from Several Regions in Central Sulawesi Province
Honey is a valuable natural product with nutritional, medicinal, and economic importance, but its high commercial value makes it prone to adulteration, which threatens consumer trust and product quality. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of simple purity tests in identifying adulteration in honey samples collected from several regions in Central Sulawesi Province. A total of 12 honey samples from different bee species and floral sources were analyzed using seven tests, namely solubility, cloudiness and foam, heating, hexagonal pattern, seepage, raw fish, and onion tests. The results showed that most tests successfully distinguished pure honey from adulterated samples. Specifically, the solubility, cloudiness and foam tests, as well as heating, and raw fish tests indicated that 66.67% of the samples were pure, while the hexagonal pattern, seepage, and onion tests confirmed purity in all samples (100%). These findings demonstrate that simple, low-cost methods can provide reliable initial screening of honey purity and are suitable for routine use in local communities where advanced laboratory facilities are limited. The application of these tests is expected to support honey quality assurance, protect consumer trust, and promote the sustainable development of the beekeeping industry in Central Sulawesi.
Copyright (c) 2025 I Made Budiarsa, Manap Trianto, Akram, Yulia Windarsih, Abdul Ashari
The Potency of Kuldon® Solution in The Healing Process of Aphthous Stomatitis
Objectives: This study aimed to assess the efficacy of Kuldon® solution in the healing process of aphthous stomatitis. Methods: A double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 60 subjects (27 males, 33 females), randomly assigned to receive either Kuldon® solution (Drug A) or hyaluronic acid rinse (Drug B). Pain was evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and lesion diameter was measured on days 2, 5, and 7. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test (p < 0.05). Results: Drug A showed a greater reduction in pain and lesion size compared to Drug B. By day 5, 100% of Drug A users reported no pain, with 90% showing lesion reduction.Conclusion: Kuldon® solution demonstrates significant therapeutic potential in managing aphthous stomatitis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dewi Priandini, Alfred Pakpahan, Rahmi Amtha, Aprilia Puspita Sulistia, Abrijanto
Molecular Dynamic Study of Java Cardamom (Wurfbania compacta) Leaf Compounds Targeting Xanthine Oxidase for Antihyperuricemia
Hyperuricemia is a disorder marked by elevated concentrations of uric acid in the bloodstream, which can trigger gout and other metabolic complications. Conventional therapies such as allopurinol are effective but often cause side effects. This study aims to explore the potential of bioactive compounds from cardamom leaves (Wurfbania compacta) as antihyperuricemic agents through an in silico approach. The methods used include mining phytochemical data from the literature, predicting pharmacokinetic properties and toxicity (ADMET), molecular docking as well as molecular dynamic. The screening results show that the compound with the most stable interaction from cardamom (Wurfbania compacta) with receptors that play a role in inhibiting xanthine oxidase enzyme in silico is the compound kaempferol with a Binding energy value of -8.1 kcal/mol and Ki 1.15 uM (micromolar). ADMET analysis indicates that the main candidate has a good pharmacokinetic profile and low toxicity potential. Based on the results of the RMSD and RMSF molecular dynamic analysis, the kaempferol compound shows a stable level of interaction and has 3 amino acid similarities with the comparison drug allopurinol, namely THR1010, VAL1011 and ALA1078, so it has the potential to be used as a candidate antihyperuricemia drug. These findings suggest that cardamom leaves have prospects as a source of natural antihyperuricemia compounds. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to verify the biological activity and safety of its use.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Nofriyaldi, Nitya Nurul Fadilah, Selvy Isnaeni
Analysis of the Antioxidant Activity of Young and Mature Bidara Leaves Using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Phytochemical Screening Test
This study aimed to compare the antioxidant activity of young and mature bidara leaves using the DPPH method and to identify the content of secondary metabolites through phytochemical testing. Antioxidant activity was measured using the IC50 parameter, which represents the concentration of the extract that can capture 50% of DPPH free radicals. The test results showed that mature bidara leaves had an IC50 value of 34.984 ppm, indicating vigorous antioxidant activity, while young leaves had an IC50 value of 100.327 ppm, classified as moderate activity. Phytochemical testing revealed that both types of leaves contained alkaloids, saponins, and tannins, while flavonoids and triterpenoids were only found in old leaves. These results suggest that variations in secondary metabolite content, influenced by leaf age, contribute to differences in antioxidant activity. Thus, older bidara leaves are more potent as an antioxidant source compared to younger leaves. This study supports the utilization of bidara plants in the pharmaceutical industry and the development of traditional medicine based on natural ingredients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alvelin Bunga Kurniawati, Gatra Ervi Jayanti, Majida Ramadhan, Dian Novita Wulandari, Ike Widyaningrum
In Silico Exploration of Bioactive Compounds from Dracaena cochinchinensis as Potential Inhibitors of Streptococcus pyogenes Inosine-5'-Monophosphate Dehydrogenase (IMPDH)
The emergence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes presents a significant global health threat, demanding the urgent discovery of novel antibacterial agents. This study utilized a comprehensive in silico framework to investigate 17 compounds from the traditional medicinal plant Dracaena cochinchinensis as potential inhibitors of Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), a validated antimicrobial drug target. The workflow included predictive modeling of physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics (ADME), toxicity profiles, and molecular docking simulations to elucidate binding affinities and interaction patterns within the enzyme's active site. Physicochemical analysis revealed that 11 of the 17 compounds exhibited drug-like properties. Molecular docking identified several ligands with high binding affinities, notably Isopimaric acid (-8.2 kcal/mol) and Cochinchinenene D (-8.1 kcal/mol), whose stability was mediated by interactions with key catalytic residues. ADMET predictions indicated that most compounds possess favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. Crucially, Isopimaric acid demonstrated a superior safety profile, with a high LD50 (5000 mg/kg), no predicted mutagenicity, and no risk of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). This computational investigation successfully identified Isopimaric acid as a standout candidate, and its combination of strong target affinity and a favorable ADMET profile positions it as a promising scaffold for the development of novel antibacterial agents against S. pyogenes. These findings provide a strong impetus for experimental validation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Septi Handayani, Nawan, Agnes Toemon
Effect of Solvent Polarity on Extraction Yield, Phytochemical Composition, and Antioxidant Activity of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. and Moringa oleifera Lam.
The present study investigated the effect of solvent polarity on extraction yield, phytochemical composition, and antioxidant activity of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. rhizomes and Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves. Maceration was carried out using ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane for 72 hours (1:10 w/v). Extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and DPPH radical scavenging activity were determined. Results demonstrated a clear polarity-dependent trend. Ethanol yielded the highest extract recovery for both species (17.55 ± 0.97% and 22.93 ± 0.65%), while n-hexane showed the lowest yield. Ethanol extracts exhibited the greatest TPC and TFC values, 47.12 mg GAE/g and 6.76 mg QE/g for C. xanthorrhiza, and 25.91 mg GAE/g and 4.67 mg QE/g for M. oleifera, respectively. Correspondingly, ethanol fractions displayed the strongest antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 22.70 and 29.80 mg/mL, indicating an inverse correlation between phenolic load and radical scavenging capacity. The study confirms that solvent polarity is a critical determinant of phytochemical recovery and antioxidant potency. The novelty of this work lies in the first comparative evaluation of C. xanthorrhiza and M. oleifera extracted under identical solvent systems, providing a rational framework for solvent selection in phytopharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. Further work should isolate and characterize the active antioxidant constituents from the most potent extracts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vina Octavia Azzahra, St Mardiana, Suharyadi Suharyadi, Rini Juita Sianipar, Dwi Sapri Ramadhan
Comparison of the Antibacterial Activity of Lime Mistletoe Extract (Dendrophthoe petandra (L.) Miq.) Against Staphylococcus aureus with Standard Antibiotics
Staphylococcus aureus remains a major cause of infections worldwide and is increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Natural products, particularly medicinal plants, are valuable sources of alternative antibacterial agents. Lime mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq.), traditionally used in Indonesian medicine, contains diverse phytochemicals that may exhibit antibacterial activity. Leaves of D. pentandra were collected, dried, and extracted using 96% ethanol. The crude extract was screened for phytochemicals and tested against S. aureus (ATCC 25923) using disk diffusion, broth microdilution, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays. Oxacillin and vancomycin served as positive controls, while 1% DMSO was used as a negative control. All tests were performed in triplicate, and data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with significance set at p < 0.05. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids. The extract produced inhibition zones of 8.5 ± 0.3 mm, 12.7 ± 0.5 mm, and 16.3 ± 0.6 mm at 25%, 50%, and 100% concentrations, respectively. MIC and MBC values were determined to be 250 µg/mL and 500 µg/mL, with an MBC/MIC ratio of 2, indicating bactericidal activity. Inhibition zones of the extract at its highest concentration were comparable to oxacillin, though vancomycin exhibited superior activity. Ethanol extract of D. pentandra demonstrated moderate yet significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Its bactericidal potential and phytochemical diversity support its role as a candidate for further development, especially in topical applications or as a source of active lead compounds. Further research should investigate activity against resistant strains, cytotoxicity, and in vivo efficacy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lisa Savitri, Mila Putri Daniati, Kharisma Rahmasari, Syntia Tanu Juwita
Diversity and Composition of Insect Species Associated with Natural Rattan Habitats in Namo Village, Kulawi, Central Sulawesi
Tropical forest ecosystems are home to diverse insect communities that play essential ecological roles, including pollination, decomposition, and nutrient cycling. Among the key forest plants, rattan (Arecaceae) provides both ecological and economic benefits and serves as an important microhabitat for various insect species. This study aimed to identify and analyze the diversity of insect species associated with natural rattan habitats in Namo Village, Kulawi District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Insect sampling was carried out using sweep nets, pitfall traps, and yellow pan traps along rattan-dominated forest transects. A total of 125 individual insects were collected, representing 7 orders, 28 families, and 37 species. The order Hymenoptera showed the highest abundance (41.6%), dominated by Formicidae and Apidae families, followed by Coleoptera (25.6%) and Diptera (17.6%). The Shannon–Wiener Diversity Index (H’ = 2.84) indicated moderate species diversity with high evenness (E = 0.83). Functionally, the insect community consisted of pollinators (38.2%), herbivores (25.4%), decomposers (19.6%), and predators (16.8%). These findings demonstrate that natural rattan ecosystems support diverse and functionally balanced insect assemblages, reflecting stable ecological conditions and minimal anthropogenic disturbance. Conserving natural rattan stands is therefore crucial for maintaining biodiversity and sustaining ecological functions such as pollination and decomposition within tropical forest ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Musdalifah Nurdin, Samsurizal M. Suleman, Syech Zainal, Moh Sabran, Raya Agni, Manap Trianto
Comparative Antidepressant, Anxiolytic, and Acute Toxicity Evaluation of Lemon Peel and Peppermint Leaves Extracts in Mice
Depression and anxiety are prevalent psychiatric disorders, and current treatments are often limited by side effects, delayed onset, and resistance. Natural products are being explored as safer alternatives, and lemon peel (Citrus limon) and peppermint leaves (Mentha × piperita L.) contain diverse bioactive compounds with neuroprotective potential. This study evaluated the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of their ethanolic extracts, individually and in combination, in male Swiss Webster mice. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, and steroids in both extracts. Antidepressant activity, assessed by the Forced Swimming Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST), showed that both extracts and their low-dose combination significantly reduced immobility time, with effects comparable to fluoxetine. In contrast, the high-dose combination did not enhance efficacy. Anxiolytic activity, evaluated using the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and Light-Dark Box (LDB), revealed that peppermint extract exerted the strongest effect, followed by the low-dose combination and lemon peel. Acute oral toxicity testing at 2000 mg/kg showed no mortality or adverse effects. These findings suggest that lemon peel and peppermint extracts possess antidepressant and anxiolytic properties with favorable safety profiles, supporting their potential as natural alternatives or adjuncts for managing mood disorders.
Copyright (c) 2025 Neli Syahida Ni'ma, Annisa Aulia Savitri, Dyah Mahendrasari Sukendra, Ronny Meilano Hardiansyah, Ika Ayu Puspaningtias, Gavriel Fauzan Fathurahman, Septia Linasari
Chemical Analysis, Physical Stability, and Antibacterial Activity of Nanoemulgel Hand Sanitizer Formulated with Citrus aurantifolia Essential Oil and Herbal Emollients
One of the most purchased hand sanitizer products by the public since the COVID-19 pandemic is hand sanitizer. However, alcohol-based hand sanitizer products often cause toxic effects and bacterial resistance. Therefore, alternative efforts are needed to replace antibacterial raw materials instead of alcohol, namely lime peel essential oils (Citrus aurantifolia) with Aloe vera and Calendula officinalis emollients. This study aims to evaluate the physicochemistry, physical stability, and antibacterial affectiveness of the a nanoemulgel handsanitizer formula composed of active lime peel essential oils supplemented with Aloe vera and Calendula officinalis emollients. The design of this research is an experiment. Research treatment: formula (F) hand sanitizer nanoemulgel F1 2%, F2 4%, and F6 6%. Essential oil component test using GC-MS method, SNEEDS physical stability includes centrifugation test, freeze-thawing, transmittance, particle size, polydispersity index (PI), potential zeta, physical stability of nanoemulgel hand sanitizer, including organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, and viscosity test, antibacterial efficacy test using hand swabbing method. The results: GC-MS analysis of the components of lime peel essential oils: alpha-pinene (8.87%), linalool (0.58%), and L-alpha-terpineol (8.98%). All SNEEDS formulas and nanoemulgels were stable during 6 weeks of storage. Formulas F2 4% and F3 6% reduced the percentage (%) of hand bacterial colonies to 74% and 75%. The results of the one-way ANOVA showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the number of bacterial colonies after using nanoemulgel hand sanitizer, especially in the F2 and F3 formulas. The conclusion is that Formula 3 (F3 6%) hand sanitizer is recommended as the best candidate for the development of a nanoemulgel hand sanitizer based on lime essential oil, as it offers the most optimal combination of physical stability, chemical stability, and biological effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Intan Kurnia Putri, Maya Uzia Beandrade, Reza Anindita
Ethnobotanical Study of Plant Utilization in the Life Cycle Ceremonies of the Kaili Tado Ethnic Group in Central Sulawesi
The Kaili Tado ethnic group of Central Sulawesi maintains a rich ethnobotanical tradition in which plants play essential roles in life cycle ceremonies that mark the stages of human existence from birth and marriage to death. This study aimed to identify and analyze the species, uses, symbolic meanings, and conservation status of plants employed in the traditional rituals of the Kaili Tado community. The research was conducted in Langko Village, Lindu District, Sigi Regency, from July to August 2025, using a qualitative descriptive ethnobotanical approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, participatory observation, and field documentation involving twelve key informants, including traditional leaders, ritual practitioners, and elder community members. A total of 11 plant species were recorded, representing diverse functions and cultural symbolism. Plants such as Oryza sativa (rice), Cocos nucifera (coconut), and Areca catechu (areca nut) symbolize prosperity, purity, and strength, respectively, while others like Kalanchoe pinnata and Jatropha curcas serve as protective and purifying agents. Most species are easily available around home gardens, but a few such as Piper betle and Calamus sp. are becoming scarce. The study demonstrates that the Kaili Tado community’s ritual plant use reflects deep ecological awareness and moral philosophy, emphasizing balance between humans and nature. Ethnobotanical documentation of these practices is essential not only for preserving cultural heritage but also for promoting biodiversity conservation and environmental education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syech Zainal, Supriyatman, Aan Febriawan, Amalia Buntu, Muh. Syarif Abd Syukur, Pahriadi, Raya Agni
Laboratory Detection of Toenail Onychomycosis Using Malt Extract Agar in Students
Onychomycosis is a common nail disorder caused by dermatophytes, non-dermatophyte molds, and yeasts. Despite being more prevalent in older adults, it is increasingly reported among younger populations, including university students, due to lifestyle factors and communal exposures. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is critical for effective management, but conventional methods remain limited in sensitivity. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and etiological profile of toenail onychomycosis among university students using potassium hydroxide (KOH) microscopy and Malt Extract Agar (MEA) culture. A total of 98 students with clinical signs of onychomycosis provided toenail specimens. Direct microscopy examination with 20% KOH was performed, followed by culture on MEA at 28–30 °C for up to 21 days. Fungal isolates were identified based on macroscopic and microscopic morphology. Statistical analysis assessed associations between clinical features and culture results. KOH microscopy detected fungal elements in 59.2% of specimens, while MEA culture yielded growth in 63.3%. When combined, the overall prevalence of confirmed onychomycosis was 71.4%. Trichophyton rubrum was the most frequent isolate (35.5% of positive cultures), followed by non-dermatophyte molds such as Aspergillus and Fusarium, and yeasts including Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. Nail thickening and discoloration were significantly associated with culture positivity (p < 0.05). Onychomycosis is prevalent among university students, with MEA culture providing superior diagnostic yield compared to KOH microscopy alone. The identification of non-dermatophyte molds and yeasts underscores the importance of comprehensive diagnostic strategies for guiding effective treatment. Future studies should combine culture and molecular methods to enhance detection accuracy and clarify the clinical significance of emerging pathogens.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lisa Savitri, Kharisul Ihsan, Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo
Utilization of QR Code Technology in Population Management and Identification of Cattle in Sindue District, Central Sulawesi
The implementation of a QR barcode-based recording system in Sindue District aimed to improve livestock management efficiency. However, digital transformation in rural livestock management faces challenges such as a lack of technological understanding and limited smartphone access. The objective of this study was to analyze livestock farmers' perceptions of the recording system and digital transformation. The method used in this study was a survey with structured interviews (questionnaires) with 66 sample livestock farmers. Data analysis used descriptive statistics and correlation. The results showed that farmers' perceptions of QR barcode technology fell into the "Quite Agree" category, with a total score of 398. The knowledge subvariable showed limited understanding of QR barcode technology (63.8% did not understand), but awareness of its benefits received a high response (83.3% agreed). The socio-cultural aspect received a very positive response (score 195), while the constraints subvariable received a low response (score 106). Farmers support the implementation of a digital QR barcode recording system, although implementation remains hampered by limited technical understanding. Furthermore, correlation analysis shows a significant relationship between the recording system and digital technology (p < 0.05), with the strongest relationship being between sociocultural aspects and constraints (r = 0.750).
Copyright (c) 2025 Yudi Mujayin, Hauris, Fitrah Fakhirah, Alda Pratiwi
Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Consortium from Tempeh Jember Based on 16S rRNA Gene Sequences as Potential Probiotic Candidates
The development of pharmaceutical raw materials as local Indonesian probiotic concentrates requires attention to strain identity accuracy, safety, and health potential. This is due to the high potential of probiotics in preventing and addressing various health disorders from infancy to old age. Previous research successfully obtained lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates as probiotic candidates from tempeh produced in Jember, and preclinical testing showed that administering a consortium of five LAB isolates at a dose of 10^8 CFU/ml to BALB/c mice was an effective treatment for further application. This study aimed to perform molecular identification of the consortium of five LAB isolates from tempeh in Jember, East Java, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The consortium includes TA1, TB1, TK1, TK2, and TK4 isolates. This study used both qualitative descriptive and quantitative methods. Identification based on the 16S rRNA gene to determine LAB species strains involved bacterial genomic DNA isolation, amplification of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, PCR product analysis, and phylogenetic identification and analysis. DNA amplification results showed that the consortium of five LAB isolates produced DNA fragments with bands of approximately 1300 bp. BLAST-N and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed that TB1 had 99.05% similarity with Kosakonia cowanii JCM 10956, TA1 had 99.46% similarity with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum JCM 1149, TK1 had 99.38% similarity with Lactiplantibacillus pentosus 124-2, TK2 had 96.86% similarity with Pseudomonas fluvialis ASS-1, and TK4 had 99.38% similarity with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NBRC 15891. TA1, TB1, and TK4 were identified as non-pathogenic LAB strains, while TK1 and TK2 were not classified as LAB.
Copyright (c) 2025 Siti Nur Azizah, Rosida, Rizka Yolanda Febiaocti, Dewi Riskha Nurmalasari, Sipriyadi
Phagochytosis Activity Test of Red Ginger and Angkak Combination Extract by Carbon Clearance Method
Red ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe var. rubrum) and angkak (Oryza sativa) are used in traditional chinese medicine to improve body health. Both are known to have immunostimulatory activity that increases phagocytic activity of macrophage. This study aims to determine the phagocytic activity of the combination extract of red ginger and angkak using carbon clearance method. Combination of red ginger and angkak (7:3) was kinetically macerated in ethanol 96%. Twenty white mice were divided into 5 groups, such as control group (CMC-Na 0.5%), positive control (Levamisole 2.5 mg/kgBB), and three experiment group that was given red ginger extract (105 mg/kgBB), angkak extract (105 mg/kgBB), and combination extract of red ginger-angkak (150 mg/kgBB). All treatments were given orally for sevendays, consecutively. The phagocytosis index (IF) value was determined on day 8 by injecting carbon intravenously and immunostimulant activity was shown if IF>1. The highest IF value of three extracts was shown by combination extract (1.2489±0.0261) compared to red ginger and angkak extract, mentioned 1.2030±0.0448 and 1.0537±0.0254, respectively. Moreover, the IF values of combination extract and red ginger were significantly (p<0.05) different compared to the control group of CMC-Na (IF=1). However, it is significantly (p>0.05) lower compared to the levamisole group (1.5187±0.0534). It could be concluded that the combined extract of red ginger-angkak showed the greatest phagocytic activity against male white mice compared to extract of red ginger and angkak itself.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fajar Nugraha, Halim, Hariyanto IH, Andhi Fahrurroji, Desy Siska Anastasia
Development and Evaluation of a Stable Topical Cream Formulated with Annona squamosa Seed Extract as a Natural Pediculosis Agent
Head lice infestation (Pediculosis capitis) remains a global public health concern, exacerbated by growing resistance to conventional pediculicides such as permethrin and malathion. This study aimed to evaluate the pediculicidal activity and formulation stability of a topical cream containing Annona squamosa (sugar apple or srikaya) seed extract as a natural alternative for treating pediculosis. The ethanolic extract of A. squamosa seeds was obtained through maceration, producing a 10.005% yield. Pediculicidal assays were conducted using various extract concentrations (5%, 7.5%, and 10%), followed by formulation of oil-in-water creams with extract concentrations of 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5%. Physical stability tests included assessments of viscosity, pH, spreadability, adhesion, and homogeneity. Results showed a dose–response relationship, with lice mortality increasing from 60% at 5% extract to 87% at 10%. Extract. The formulated creams demonstrated high efficacy—86% to 96% mortality—comparable to 1% permethrin. All formulations maintained acceptable physicochemical properties (pH 4.8–5.5, viscosity within 27,000–47,000 cps) and remained stable after accelerated storage. These findings indicate that A. squamosa seed extract is a potent pediculicidal agent that can be effectively incorporated into a stable topical formulation. The study supports the potential of A. squamosa as a safe, sustainable, and plant-based alternative for managing pediculosis while addressing the challenge of chemical resistance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nur Khairi, Lukman Muslimin, Fhahri Mubarak, Maulita Indrisari, Fajriansyah Fajriansyah
Diversity of Sea Cucumber Types in Shallow Sea Waters of Katapang Sukarame Carita Labuan Pandeglang Banten Beach
Cucumbers of the sea are one of the animals from the phylum Echinodermata that have ecological and economic roles. Biogeographically, the types of sea cucumbers from the Holothuriidae family are not yet well known in the waters of Shallow Waters of Katapang Sukarame Carita Labuan Pandeglang Banten Coast, particularly the information on the types and their phylogenetic relationships. This study aims to determine the diversity and phenetic relationship between types of sea cucumbers in Shallow Waters of Katapang Sukarame Carita Labuan Pandeglang Banten Coast. The research has stages which include preliminary observations of sea cucumber species. Preliminary observations were carried out by surveying the location of the sea cucumber catch and interviewing local fishermen. The results of the survey on preliminary observations were used as the basis for determining the sampling station. Sampling of the specimens was carried out using a cruising technique based on a predetermined sequence of sampling stations. Observations and species determination were carried out to obtain data as material for the analysis of taxonomy and phenetic relationships. The research results show that the diversity of sea cucumber species found in the Shallow Waters of Katapang Sukarame Carita Labuan Pandeglang Banten Coast are S. horrens, H. atra, and H. leucospilota. There is a phylogenetic relationship among the three sea cucumber species in the Shallow Waters of Katapang Sukarame Carita Labuan Pandeglang Banten Coast. Group 1, which consists of H. atra, has a similarity of 85.393% with H. leucospilota. Group 2, which includes S. horrens, has a similarity of 64.130% with H. atra and H. leucospilota.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fikri Nurhidayatulloh, Usman Setiawan, Nurullah Asep Abdilah, Suyamto
Formulation of an Anti-acne Cream Containing Ethanolic Extract of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea)
Portulaca oleracea (purslane) is a medicinal plant known for its antibacterial potential due to the presence of bioactive compounds such as saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. This study aimed to formulate an anti-acne cream containing the ethanol extract of P. oleracea and to evaluate its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The extract was obtained through maceration using 96% ethanol, and antibacterial testing was performed using the well diffusion method. The results showed that the ethanol extract demonstrated antibacterial activity, with the highest effect observed in formulation F3, which produced an inhibition zone of 13 mm (strong category). F3 also exhibited desirable physicochemical characteristics, including a spreading diameter of 6.5 cm, viscosity of 14,340 cP, and pH of 5, all of which complied with standard requirements. These findings indicate that P. oleracea ethanol extract has potential as an active ingredient in topical anti-acne formulations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Isna Lailatusholihah, Dina Alva Prastiwi, Afiatun Ni'mah, Yudhistira
Endophytic Bacteria from Mimosa pudica L.: Morphological and Biochemical Traits and Biocontrol Activity against Alternaria porri
Shallot (Allium cepa L.) is an important horticultural commodity whose productivity is frequently constrained by purple blotch disease caused by Alternaria porri. Excessive reliance on synthetic fungicides for disease control has raised concerns related to environmental sustainability and pathogen resistance. Endophytic bacteria, which inhabit internal plant tissues without causing harm, represent a promising source of biological control agents. This study aimed to characterize the morphological and biochemical traits and to evaluate the biocontrol activity of endophytic bacteria isolated from Mimosa pudica L. against A. porri. A total of twelve endophytic bacterial isolates were obtained from healthy roots, stems, and leaves of M. pudica using a surface sterilization technique. The isolates exhibited diverse colony morphology and growth characteristics. Biochemical characterization revealed that most isolates were gram-positive, catalase-positive, motile, and capable of starch hydrolysis. Antagonistic activity was evaluated using a dual culture assay on potato dextrose agar. The results demonstrated that several isolates effectively inhibited the mycelial growth of A. porri. Among them, isolates MP5 and MP11 showed the highest inhibitory effects, with growth inhibition percentages of 58.2% and 48.7%, respectively, and were classified as having high antagonistic activity. The strong inhibitory performance of selected isolates suggests their ability to produce antifungal metabolites or to suppress pathogen growth through competitive interactions. Overall, endophytic bacteria isolated from M. pudica, particularly isolates MP5 and MP11, exhibit significant potential as environmentally friendly biological control agents for managing purple blotch disease in shallot cultivation.
Antibacterial And Synergistic Potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa and Zingiber officinale Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health challenge, particularly in developing regions where access to effective drugs is constrained. Medicinal plants provide an alternative due to their affordability, availability, and wealth of bioactive compounds. This study investigated the antibacterial properties of Zingiber officinale (ginger) and Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle), both widely used in African traditional medicine, against selected bacterial pathogens. Methanolic extracts were prepared from dried rhizomes of ginger and calyces of roselle, and concentrations of 100%, 95%, 90%, and 85% were tested. Antibacterial activity was determined against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas sp. using agar well diffusion. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were established by serial dilution and subculture techniques. Statistical significance was assessed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test at p < 0.05. Phytochemical analysis revealed steroids, terpenoids, and flavonoids in both plants. Ginger additionally contained saponins, alkaloids, tannins, and carbohydrates, whereas roselle uniquely presented cardiac glycosides. Antibacterial activity increased with concentration, with the 100% extracts showing the highest inhibition zones. The combined extract consistently produced larger inhibition zones compared to the individual extracts (p < 0.05). Ginger exhibited the strongest individual activity against S. aureus, while the combined extract was most effective against E. coli. Pseudomonas sp. was the least susceptible. MIC values confirmed these observations: S. aureus was the most sensitive (25 mg/mL), while E. coli and Pseudomonas sp. each recorded 50 mg/mL. MBC values were uniformly 50 mg/mL across all test organisms. The results demonstrate that ginger and roselle possess significant antibacterial properties, with ginger showing superior individual efficacy and roselle providing complementary metabolites that enhanced combination effects. Their synergistic action supports traditional polyherbal therapy and indicates potential as cost-effective, plant-based interventions against AMR. The findings underscore the need for further research to develop standardized formulations for therapeutic application.
Copyright (c) 2025 AbdulAzeez Mumsiri Abaka, Bristone Pola James, Mohammed Dangana Badamasi, Adamu Aliyu Usman
Phytochemical Profiling and TLC Analysis of Hymenocardia acida Methanol Leaf Extract
The study investigated the phytochemical constituents and chromatographic profile of Hymenocardia acida leaf extract obtained through methanol extraction. Hymenocardia acida, widely used in traditional medicine across Africa, is reputed for its therapeutic potential in treating various ailments. To explore the bioactive compounds, we conducted a series of qualitative phytochemical screenings to detect the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, steroids. The results revealed a broad spectrum of phytochemicals known to exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed to obtain a chromatographic profile of the methanol extract, aiming to separate and identify potential bioactive compounds. Silica gel plates were used as the stationary phase, and various solvent systems, such as hexane acetate and chloroform were optimized for effective separation of phytochemicals. The resulting TLC plates were analyzed under UV light at 254 nm and 365 nm, and retention factor (Rf) values were calculated to provide preliminary identification. Different solvent systems were used which showed different behaviors in the plant compounds. The resulting mixture between hexane and ethyl acetate at ratio 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4 and 5:5 are given as (0), (0,0.26,0.16), (0,0.95,0.94), (0) and (0,0.91,0.95) respectively. The TLC fingerprint and phytochemical profile generated from this study offer valuable insights into the potential pharmacological applications of Hymenocardia acida, supporting its use in traditional medicine and guiding further isolation and characterization of its active compounds for drug development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulgafar Omeiza Zubair
Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, and Gut Microbiota-Modulating Effects of Cymbopogon citratus Leaf Extract in Nicotinamide-Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats
Cymbopogon citratus Leaf Extract (CCE) is used traditionally to manage diabetes mellitus. The study aimed to to evaluate the effects of its oral administration on gut bacteria composition and antidiabetic effect in nicotinamide and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Thirty-five male Wistar rats were divided into five groups comprising 7 rats each. They were; non-diabetic rats given distilled water (PC), untreated diabetic rats (NC), diabetic rats treated with 2.5 mg/kg glibenclamide (RDC), diabetic rats treated with 200 mg/kg extract (CCE1) and diabetic rats treated with 400 mg/kg extract (CCE2). Fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, glycogen, lipid profile, catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), serum electrolytes, urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin, albumin, alanine and aspartate amino transferases (ALT, AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gut bacterial count were analysed and bacteria identified. Secondary metabolites in extract were also quantified. Results showed significant reductions (p<0.05) in FBG, low density lipoprotein, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, sodium, catalase, SOD, GSH, and MDA levels in the CCE1 and CCE2 groups compared to the NC. Glycogen, ALT, AST, ALP, and HDL increased significantly. CCE1 outperformed CCE2 in most biochemical parameters. The total bacterial count increased significantly in the treatment groups and the identified species were L. plantarum, L. lactis, C. leptum and, L. mesenteroides. Key secondary metabolites in CCE were catechin, dihydrocytisine, steroid, aphyllidine, Narigenin, proanthocyanidine, oxalate and phytate. In conclusion, CCE exhibited glucose-lowering, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant effects, reversed dysfunction in organ function markers and promoted occurrence of beneficial bacterial. Further research into its nutraceutical potential is recommended.
Copyright (c) 2025 Omolola Soji-Omoniwa, Oluwadamilola Elizabeth Britto, Precious Comfort Omogoye, Oluwafemi Obed Oluwadare, Darasimi Deborah Adeosun, Mariam Oyeladun Alimi, Ridwan Tobiloba Bolajoko, Celestina Omowumi Amupitan, Emmanuel Ayokanmi Olufemi, Esther Afifoluwake
Radar absorbing Films Based on Chitosan–Polyvinyl Alcohol Incorporated with Hydroxyapatite from Yellowfin Tuna Bone Waste
Radar absorbing films (RAF) play a crucial role in stealth technology by reducing radar reflections and thereby lowering the detectability of objects. Conventional inorganic absorbers such as ferrite and carbon are effective but present limitations due to their high density, cost, and limited environmental compatibility. These challenges have driven interest in developing lightweight, sustainable, and polymer-based alternatives. Yellowfin tuna bone waste, containing approximately 60–70% minerals predominantly composed of hydroxyapatite, offers a promising source for enhancing electromagnetic absorption while simultaneously supporting waste valorization. This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical and electromagnetic properties of RAF from chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and hydroxyapatite derived from yellowfin tuna bone waste. The films were produced with varying chitosan concentrations (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%) and characterized for tensile strength, elongation, stiffness, and electromagnetic absorption across the 5–10 GHz frequency range. The tensile strength increased from 0.105 MPa in the control to 0.151 MPa at 2% chitosan, while elongation declined from 39% at 0.5% chitosan to 21% at 1.5% chitosan. The optimal absorption was observed at 1.5% chitosan, exhibiting a reflection loss of 14 dB at 8 GHz, which corresponds to approximately 96% absorption with only 4% reflection. Overall, the films demonstrated a favorable balance between mechanical integrity and electromagnetic wave absorption, highlighting their potential as lightweight, flexible, and environmentally sustainable radar absorbing materials.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fran Denis Sitohang, Muhammad Hibban Fadlurrohman Ayyasy, Esa Ghanim Fadhallah
Effect of Moringa Leaves and Jackfruit Seeds as Rice Substitute to Reduce Blood Glucose Levels in Mice
Most Indonesians consume white rice, which has a high Glycemic Index (GI). Eating foods with high GI can lead to the occurrence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). DM is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Alternative solutions are needed to overcome diabetes mellitus, one of which is by using rice substitute which has a low Glycemic Index (GI). Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera) and jackfruit seeds (Artocarpus heterophyllus lam.) contain flavonoids that have the potential to be used as ingredients for making rice substitute. Flavonoids function to increase antioxidant enzymes, neutralize free radicals, lower blood sugar, overcome fatigue, and protect insulin-producing pancreatic ß cells. This study aims to analyze the content, physical and chemical characteristics, and antidiabetic activity of innovative rice substitute. In this study, an rice substitute formulation was made from Moringa flour: jackfruit flour in the ratio of 3:1 (P1), 1:1 (P2), and 1:3 (P3). Analog rice was tested on mice which were divided into five groups, namely positive control, negative control, and a combination of extracts P1, P2, and P3. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS 25 software. The results obtained showed that the rice substitute formulations P1, P2, and P3 were able to reduce blood sugar in mice, but P2 best reduced blood sugar, which was 11 mg/dL and 22 mg/dL.
Copyright (c) 2025 I Gusti Ngurah Agung Adi Primantara, Komang Astri Mahadewi, I Gede Aditya Arimbawa, Marvel Alden Muljosaputro, Komang Dinda Bagus Putra Suryawan, Putu Nia Calista Santoso, Ni Luh Putu Eka Kartika Sari
In Silico Study of the Antibacterial Activity of Bioactive Compounds from Portulaca oleracea L. Herb Extract against Propionibacterium Acnes
Acne vulgaris is a common dermatological condition primarily caused by the bacterium Propionibacterium acnes. The use of natural compounds as alternative therapies has gained attention due to their lower side effects compared to synthetic agents. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial potential of bioactive compounds present in purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) herbs against P. acnes through an in silico approach. Out of 15 identified compounds, 12 satisfied Lipinski’s parameters, and 9 compounds were selected for further analysis. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity predictions were performed using the pkCSM platform to determine the ADMET profiles, while ligand–receptor interactions were analyzed via molecular docking against the Exo-x-sialidase protein target (PDB ID: 7LBV). The ADMET prediction results indicated that most compounds exhibited good solubility, high absorption, moderate skin permeability, and favorable distribution and metabolism profiles. Docking visualization revealed the presence of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with key residues at the receptor’s active site. Interestingly, butylated hydroxytoluene demonstrated the lowest binding energy (–6.56 kcal/mol), which was better than that of the positive control (–6.17 kcal/mol), indicating a stronger binding affinity. Overall, Portulaca oleracea shows promise as a natural source of antibacterial compounds against P. acnes, warranting further in vivo investigation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadhifa Dini Maulida, Nur Aqidah, Nanda Ma’rifatul Ilmiah, Maprilia Nur Nabillah, Niken Ayu Ramadhany, Mohammad Rofik Usman
GC-MS Determination of Bioactive Components with Their Biological Activities of Olax subscorpioidea (Olacaceae)
Medicinal plants have been an integral part of healthcare, particularly in Africa, where over 80% of the population relies on traditional herbal medicine. This research focuses on Olax subscorpioidea, a plant recognized for its extensive pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and analgesic properties. The study aimed to identify the bioactive compounds present in the leaf extract of O. subscorpioidea using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The plant was collected, dried, and extracted with methanol, leading to the identification of 199 compounds, including phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, and fatty acids, some of which possess significant biological activities. Toxicological studies indicated a safe dosage with no adverse effects observed in mice. This research underscores the potential of O. subscorpioidea as a source of novel therapeutic agents, necessitating further isolation and characterization of its bioactive constituents to explore their pharmacological potentials comprehensively.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saidi Odoma, Ajibola Habeebulahi Adekilekun, Hope Onohuean, Funso-Babarimisa Funso, Adekilekun Habeebat Oyewusi, Abdulmumeen Amao Hamid
Development of Co-Chemotherapeutic Agents and Analysis of the Active Substance Content of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale Var Rubrum rhizoma) in Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells
Metastatic breast cancer also known as stage IV breast cancer. Current chemotherapy agents have several limitations, such as resistance events, side effects, and inadequate efficacy in advanced cancer. It is necessary to develop a more effective chemotherapy model, namely the development of co-chemotherapy agents derived from natural ingredients that have activity in counteracting oxidative stress and preventing metastatic breast cancer, namely red ginger. GC-MS analysis of red ginger oleoresin showed the composition of chemical compounds influenced by variants of soxletation time of 60, 120, and 180 minutes. GC-MS analysis showed that this essential oil consists of volatile compounds, mainly from the sesquiterpene group and namely zingiberene, betha-sesquiphellandrene, betha-bisabolene and ar-curcumene. The results of the cytotoxic test analysis of red ginger extract with socletation time for 60, 120 and 180 minutes respectively obtained IC50 data as follows with 45.16 µg/ml, 37.23 µg/ml and 20.2 µg/ml. The compounds contained in red ginger, such as zingiberene, gingerol, shogaol, flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins, play an important role in its cytotoxic effect against cancer cells. The mechanism by which alpha-Zingiberene induces cell death in cancer cells is mainly through the apoptotic process. The compound causes the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, which then activates caspase-3, an apoptotic enzyme.
Copyright (c) 2025 Laili Nailul Muna, Enny Riyan Hasni, Farhatul Uyun, Erna Wulandari
Nutritional Value Assessment of Marasmiellus inoderma Sporophores Cultivated on Maize Cobs and Coffee Grounds
The Democratic Republic of Congo possesses significant agricultural potential, yet its population faces food insecurity, malnutrition, and limited access to essential foodstuffs, resulting in famines in several provinces. This study conducted a comparative analysis of yields and protein content in Marasmiellus inoderma sporophores cultivated on maize cobs and coffee grounds, as well as those collected from the wild. Experiments were carried out at four sites: the Luki Biosphere Reserve (Kongo Central), the experimental garden, the soil laboratory, and the myciculture laboratory. Average yields after four flushes were 31.7 % on maize cobs and 28.23 % on coffee grounds. Protein content was higher in sporophores cultivated on maize cobs (29.37 %) than on coffee grounds (24.98 %), with laboratory-grown samples consistently exhibiting greater protein levels than wild-collected sporophores. These results indicate that cultivating M. inoderma on locally available agro-industrial substrates offers a promising strategy to enhance food security and reduce malnutrition in the DRC, with strong potential for dissemination among both urban and rural producers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mbumbu Luswamu Gertrude, Tshisuaka Nkongolo Alain, Dibaluka Nlandu Carmelle, Monizi Mawunu, Iteku Bekomo Jeff, Lumande Kasali Joseph, Mundele Mukongo Justin, Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua, Dibaluka Mpulusu Simon, Lukoki Luyeye Félicien
Total Phenol Content, Total Flavonoid Content, Antioxidant Activity and GC-MS Analysis of a New Variety of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Consuming foods rich in antioxidants plays an important role in human health, one of which is through rice. This research aimed to describe the total phenol content and total flavonoids content as well as GC-MS analysis of raw Baroma rice extract and analyze the antioxidant activity of Baroma rice in different cooking methods. Baroma rice was collected from Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia thus was analyzed to get data about total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and compouds identifies using GC-MS. We also analyzed antioxidant activity of Baroma rice among raw, rice cooked in stove and magic com extract using Anova test followed by Tukey test. The result proved that total phenol content was 85.64 mg/L and total flavonoid content was 78.28 mg/L, meanwhile the highest antioxidant activity was in raw extract of Baroma followed by rice cooked in magic com and stove, suggesting that cooking method effected on its property. GC-MS analysis showed the diversity of chemical compound, totaling 15 compounds and peaks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hafidha Asni Akmalia, Dwimei Ayudewandari Pranatami
Association Between Visceral Fat and Monocyte Count in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Evidence from a Referral Hospital Study
The majority of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) exhibit central obesity. Central obesity is characterized by an abnormally high accumulation of visceral adipose tissue. Individuals with both obesity and T2DM often present with additional immune dysfunction, including significantly elevated monocyte counts compared to metabolically healthy obese individuals. A recent study has demonstrated a correlation between visceral fat and monocyte count in young adults with obesity; however, this association remains unclear in patients with T2DM. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using a total sampling design from August to September 2022 at AMC Hospital, Indonesia. History taking, physical examination, and laboratory examination were conducted. Visceral fat, monocyte count, and confounders (age, gender, diagnosis duration of T2DM, glycemic control (using FBG), BMI, WC, number of comorbidities, and number of drug use) were observed. In the complete sample (n = 57), after adjusting for confounding variables, there was no statistically significant association between visceral fat and monocyte count (adjusted ? = 86.635, 95% CI [–19.050, 192.321], P = 0.106). However, after excluding one influential subject and controlling for confounders, a significant association was observed (adjusted ? = 110.023, 95% CI [11.111, 208.935], P = 0.030). There was a significant association between visceral fat and monocyte count in T2DM.
Copyright (c) 2026 Henhen Heryaman, Alfi Alfisa Aji, Maya Kusumawati
The Ameliorative Effect of Apigenin in Plectranthus amboinicus Lour Spreng in the Treatment of Hepato-renal Carcinogenesis Induced Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) is the major cause of hepato-renal carcinogenesis. Apigenin in Plectranthus amboinicus (EPA), has indicated some biological activities such as antioxidant and antimutagenic activity. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of apigenin in EPA as anti-cancer against chronic hepatorenal damage exposed to B(a)P. The rats of 4 groups (n=6) were divided as follows: Group I (P0) was given food and water ad-libitum; Group II (PB) was administered orally B(a)P 2 mg/kg BW; Group III (PB+E) received orally B(a)P 2 mg/kg BW and EPA 500 mg/kg; Group IV (PE) was administered orally EPA 500 mg/kg BW. The therapeutic effect of EPA was explored using network pharmacology and molecular docking. The results showed that Group III could significantly improve (P < 0.05) the hepatorenal function parameter, including DNA concentration. SGPT, SGOT, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine compared to those treated with B(a)P. The outcome data pharmacology revealed 6 targets could be the main core target. The good binding affinity indicated Apigenin docked to AKT1 protein with -10.00 kcal/mol relevant to Doxorubicin as control drug. Our results provide a new insight of apigenin in EPA potentially suppressing the regulation of chemical carcinogenesis by B(a)P.
Copyright (c) 2026 Melva Silitonga, Hendro Pranoto, Erlintan Sinaga, Feimmy Ruth Pratiwi Sipahutar, Adriana LumbanGaol, Fajar Apollo Sinaga
Fatty Acid Composition, Steroid Content, In Vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Potentials of Citrullus lanatus and Carica papaya Seed Oils
Plant-derived oils rich in bioactive constituents have attracted attention as potential antioxidant and antidiabetic agents. The present study assessed the phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity, enzyme inhibitory activity, and fatty acid profile of pawpaw (Carica papaya) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seed oils. Antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assays, while antidiabetic activity was evaluated through in vitro alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition. Phytochemical analysis revealed triterpenoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides in both oils. In the DPPH assay, pawpaw and watermelon seed oils showed maximum inhibitions of 13.32% and 15.91% at 200 µg/mL, respectively; while the FRAP values were low (9.06 and 14.51 µM Fe2+/mg). Enzyme inhibition assays indicated differential activity: pawpaw seed oil strongly inhibited alpha-glucosidase (84.69% at 1000 µg/mL) while watermelon seed oil strongly inhibited alpha-amylase (81.81%). GC-MS analysis of the oils revealed the most abundant fatty acids as cis-10-heptadecenoic acid (895.57 mg/L) arachidonic acid (263.49 mg/L), 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (241.80 mg/L). Essential fatty acids such as gamma-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were also present. In conclusion, the seed oils exhibit moderate antioxidant activity and complementary enzyme inhibitory effects. Their rich unsaturated fatty acid profiles support potential use as functional dietary oils for diabetes management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bamidele Martin Amos-Tautua, Imomotimi Timipa Ajoko, Rafiu Oladiran Raji
Anticandidal Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Lada Katokkon (Capsicum annuum chinense) Against Emerging Fungal Pathogens
Candidiasis is an opportunistic mycotic infection with a high prevalence, caused by Candida species, especially Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida parapsilosis. The increasing resistance of Candida spp. to conventional antifungals such as fluconazole poses a challenge in the management of candidiasis, thus the need for natural-based alternatives, such as Lada Katokkon. This condition encourages the need to explore alternative therapeutic agents based on natural ingredients. Lada Katokkon (Capsicum annuum chinense Jacq), a local chili variety cultivated in the Toraja region, is known to contain secondary metabolite compounds such as capsaicin, flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids that have potential as antifungals. This study aims to evaluate the antifungal activity of ethanol extract of Lada Katokkon against the growth of C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis in vitro using disc diffusion method. The extract was tested at five concentrations: 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9%. There was a positive relationship between extract concentration and inhibition zone diameter. The highest activity was recorded at 9% concentration, particularly against C. parapsilosis (16.89 ± 4.74 mm), followed by C. albicans (9.03 ± 5.96 mm) and C. tropicalis (8.07 ± 0.81 mm). In contrast, 1% concentration produced the lowest zone of inhibition in all species tested. These results suggest that ethanol extract of Lada Katokkon has potential as an alternative natural antifungal agent in candidiasis therapy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Allen Mangoting, Eka Astuty, Amanda Gracia Manuputty
Isolation, Characterization and Growth Optimization of Glufosunate Ammonium Degrading Bacteria from Farmlands Soil in Mubi
The persistent application of glufosinate ammonium as a non-selective herbicide in agricultural practices raises significant environmental concerns due to its potential accumulation and eco-toxicity. This study focused on the isolation, characterization, degradation and optimization of glufosinate ammonium degrading bacteria from agricultural soil in Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Three isolates were screened from mineral salt medium containing glufosinate ammonium herbicides as carbon source which are isolate GA1, GA2 and GA3 but the isolate GA3 strain show highest degradation potential of glufosinate ammonium compare to GA1 and GA2 which was determined by UV-spectrophotometer and further by LC-MS which showed degradation by 75.9% the GA3 strain was characterized morphologically and biochemically as gram positive, and through 16SrRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirmed isolate GA3 (94.45% 16SrRNA homology to Bacillus ). Optimization of the degradation condition was performed using the one factor at a time (OFAT) approach, which revealed that the strain has growth optima at 35oC, pH 7.0, 10 mg/L glufosinate ammonium, with 5% inoculum size, and 48 hours’ incubation peak growth, the GA3 stain had growth stimulated best with glutamic acid 1g/L, (nitrogen source), and sucrose 1g/L (carbon source), exposure to heavy metal revealed Zn,Cu, and Fe stimulate growth whereas Pb and Hg caused significant inhibition. (p<0.0001, ANOVA). Response surface methodology (RSM) optimization enhanced degradation efficiency with GA3 strain degrading 75.9% glufosinate ammonium, the model shows great fit to the quadratic model (R2=0.9552) for GA3strain (F=23.66., P<0.0001). The results revealed that GA3 strain is capable of significant glufosinate ammonium degradation, with optimized conditions enhancing degradation efficiency. This study revealed great potential of indigenous soil microbes in bioremediation of herbicides-contaminated environments and provide a foundation for the development of eco-friendly strategies to mitigate glufosinate pollution in agricultural systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kabiru Yakubu, Salihu Ibrahim, Ahmad Umar Bello, Abba Babandi
Hepatoprotective Activities of Seed Extract and Fractions of Telfairia occidentalis on Doxorubicin-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats
Telfairia occidentalis Hook (cucurbitaceae) seeds, which is used in the preparation of soups and as medicine traditionally to treat various diseases by the Ibibios was investigated for effect against doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity. The seed extract (138 -553 mg/kg) and fractions; dichloromethane (DCM) and aqueous, 276 mg/kg) were evaluated for hepatoprotective activity against doxorubicin-induced liver injury in rats. Liver function parameters, liver oxidative stress markers and liver histology were used to assess the liver protective potential of the extract and fractions. The seed extract and fractions significantly (p<0.05-0.01) reduced the serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, total and direct bilirubin that were elevated by doxorubincin. Also, the reduced levels of total protein and albumin by doxorubicin were increased by the extract coadministration. The levels of GSH, GST, SOD, GPx, and CAT that were decreased by doxorubicin were significantly (p<0.01) elevated and raised MDA level was reduced by the seed extract and fractions. Histology of the liver sections of extract -treated animals showed reductions in the pathological features compared to the organotoxic-treated animals. The chemical pathological changes were consistent with histopathological observations suggesting marked hepatoprotective potential. The anti-toxic effect of this plant may in part be mediated through the chemical constituents of the plant. The seeds of Telfairia occidentalis possess anti-toxicant properties which can be exploited in the treatment of doxorubicin related toxicities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ugochi Queenette Nwosu, Chinyelu C. Osigwe, Ugonma F. Uwaeme, Unyime A. Fabian, Jude Efiom Okokon
Phytochemical, Acute toxicity, and Antibacterial Activity of Tamarindus indica Against Antimicrobial-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
The escalating public health crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), driven by pathogens like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), demands an urgent expansion of the therapeutic arsenal. This study provides a comprehensive scientific validation of Tamarindus indica L., a plant with extensive ethnobotanical uses, by systematically evaluating its phytochemical composition, antibacterial efficacy, and acute toxicity profile. Phytochemical analysis revealed that methanol extraction was superior to n-hexane, yielding a rich array of bioactive compounds from the leaves, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and phenolic compounds. Quantitative assessment confirmed substantial levels of key metabolites, with saponins (550–1400 mg/100g), total phenolics (800–2000 mg/100g), and flavonoids (450–1100 mg/100g) being the most abundant. Antibacterial assays demonstrated that the methanolic extract possessed potent, strain-specific activity against clinical isolates of S. aureus. A notable finding was the significant susceptibility of one strain (SaD), which showed a zone of inhibition of 23.00 mm at 80 mg/mL, exceeding the activity of the cefoxitin control. The methanol fruit extract exhibited Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values between 4.69 and 9.38 mg/mL. Crucially, the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was identical to the MIC for most strains, indicating a primarily bactericidal, rather than bacteriostatic, mode of action. In stark contrast, the n-hexane extract showed minimal efficacy, highlighting the critical influence of solvent polarity on the recovery of antibacterial constituents. A pivotal component of this research was the toxicological evaluation. An acute oral toxicity study conducted in rats established an excellent safety profile, with no mortality or significant adverse effects observed at the limit dose of 5000 mg/kg, classifying the extract as practically non-toxic according to OECD guidelines. This finding confirms a wide therapeutic window for potential applications. In conclusion, this study definitively links the traditional use of Tamarindus indica to a scientifically verified, bactericidal phytochemical profile effective against S. aureus and a compelling safety margin. These results firmly position T. indica as a promising candidate for the development of standardized herbal medicines to address the growing threat of antibiotic-resistant infections.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nazuwa Dominic, Ewansiha Joel Uyi, Abdulazeez Mumsiri Abaka, Ibrahim Yau
Bioactivities of Prosopis africana Whole Fruit: Antibacterial and Urease Inhibition Properties
Prosopis africana (Guill. & Perr.) Taub. (Fabaceae) is a West African tree traditionally used for treating infections. However, a systematic evaluation of the bioactivities of its fruit remains limited, and studying the fruit offers a more sustainable and conservation-friendly approach compared to harvesting the bark or roots. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial and urease inhibitory properties of the whole fruit extract of P. africana and its solvent-partitioned fractions. The powdered whole fruit was macerated in 70% methanol to obtain a crude extract (PAF-0). A 1.1 kg portion of PAF-0 was subsequently partitioned using 1 L volumes per cycle into n-hexane (PAF-1), dichloromethane (PAF-2), ethyl acetate (PAF-3), and aqueous (PAF-4) fractions. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using the Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA). Jack bean urease inhibition was assessed spectrophotometrically. All experiments included vehicle controls (DMSO) and were performed with three independent replicates (n=3). The dichloromethane fraction (PAF-2) exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity, showing 84% and 88% inhibition against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi, respectively, which was comparable to the standard drug ofloxacin. In the urease inhibition assay, the n-hexane fraction (PAF-1) and the crude extract (PAF-0) were the most potent, with IC50 values of 27.1 µg/mL and 27.6 µg/mL, respectively. The findings indicate that the dichloromethane and n-hexane fractions of P. africana fruit possess significant antibacterial and urease inhibitory activities. This provides a scientific basis for its traditional uses against infections and highlights its potential as a rich source of bioactive compounds for further pharmacological development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kayode Muritala Salawu, Saad Toyin Abdullahi, Akeem Ganiyu Rabiu, Olutosin Alarape Adegboye, Muhammad Aamer, Nuzhat Shehla, Yan Wang
The Essential Oil Constituents of the Fresh and Air-dried Phragmanthera incana (Schum.) Balle and Its Bioactivities
Phragmanthera incana Schum (Loranthaceae), used in ethnomedicine as a worm expeller and for treating diseases such as cancer and inflammation, had its essential oil constituents characterized and assessed for certain pharmacological activities. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry was used to analyze the essential oils extracted from fresh and dried P. incana leaves, flowers, and stems via hydrodistillation. Standard bioassays were employed to determine the antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity, anthelmintic effects on Pheritima posthuma, and antioxidant activity of the essential oils. Thirty-six and forty-five essential oil constituents were detected in fresh and dried P. incana, respectively. The percentage constituent in fresh P. incana follows the trend; flower > stem > leaf, a trend of stem > leaf > flower was observed in dried P. incana. The major volatile oils constituents of leaf, stems and flowers were fluoranthene (37.30%), hentriacontane (76.11%), and 3-methyl phenol (24.20%) respectively. All essential oils showed cytotoxicity, with fresh leaf oil having the lowest LC50 of 0.49 µg/mL. The essential oils of air-dried and fresh stem antibacterial activities were 20 mm for Bacillus aureus and 16 mm for Klebsiella pneumoniae compared to 10 mm by Gentamycin for both organisms. Compared to Menbendazole (63.55±1.12 to 90.55±0.97) at 100 mg/mL, all essential oils caused considerable worm paralysis and death (12.58±2.62 to 24.19±7.84 min). They also demonstrated moderate antioxidant potency, ranging from 41.67 to 85.98%. The essential oil components and biological activities are described for the first time. Bioassays’ results and presence of hentriacontane, phytol, gamma-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and tocopherol in the oils, support its traditional applications as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anthelmintic.
Copyright (c) 2026 Odunayo Christy Atewolara-Odule, Olapeju O. Aiyelaagbe, Oseyemi O. Olubomehin, Sunday. O. Ajibade, Abdulrazaq O. Ogunmoye, Seide M. Akoro, Olaoluwa O. Olaoluwa
Formulation of a Synergistic Herbal Blend of Green Tea (Camelia sinensis) and Traditional Spices for Immune Support and Anxiety Relief
COVID-19 not only brings problems to physical health but also mental health, such as anxiety. Excessive anxiety is very dangerous because it can reduce the number of white blood cells in the bloodstream. Excessive anxiety also triggers the production of excess cortisol which interferes with the immune system. This could be overcome by the combination of tea which has a relaxing effect with several immunomodulatory herbs. Green tea (Camellia sinensis) has been shown to have the effect of reducing one's anxiety and improving one's psychological health. The tea is combined with other spices, namely (Zingiber officinale), turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val), and cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii). This study was conducted to find out that the combination formed has met safety standards, so it can be used as an immunity-boosting drink during a pandemic. Standardization includes testing for moisture content, ash content, and organoleptic tests. The results obtained were the water content of herbal tea was as much as 6.26%, while the ash content of the tea was 5.74%. The water content and ash content had met the standards of the Ministry of Health regarding the preparation of herbal medicines. The organoleptic test performed showed that the formulation obtained was dominated by the taste of ginger, the color of turmeric, and the smell of cinnamon.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ananta Ardyansyah, Dika Putra Wijaya, Danar, Tsalis Jauza Nareswari, Anggun Frista Utami, Annisaa, Diana Nadhifah, Lely Fitrianingrum
Formulation and Standardization of Face Wash Using Watermelon Rind Extract (Citrullus lanatus)
The purpose of this study was to determine the utilization of watermelon rind waste as an active ingredient in the manufacture of liquid soap preparations and to obtain the best formulation of watermelon rind extract liquid soap that is physically stable. Watermelon rind waste contains many nutritious substances, such as antioxidants, that are beneficial for skin health but have not been widely utilized. This study utilizes citrulline compounds in watermelon rind, which act as antioxidants and potential vasodilators, to be used as active ingredients in the manufacture of bath soap preparations with the aim of removing dirt and stimulating blood circulation. Research method includes the preparation of thick watermelon rind extract, the preparation of salt solution, and the preparation of liquid soap preparation formulas with varying concentrations of watermelon rind extract. Evaluation includes an organoleptic test, pH, viscosity, foam height, foam stability, homogeneity, and spreadability to obtain a liquid soap formula with stable physical properties. Result showed that watermelon rind extract has the potential to be an active ingredient in liquid soap preparations in order to utilize waste and provide benefits for skin health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dika Putra Wijaya, Khofifatul Rahmawati, Achmad Yusuf Bachtiar, Alverdha Elvarheta Rasseta Ridhwan, Ayu Alfianita Rahmah, Titik Taufikurohmah, Danar
Identification of Potential Antimalarial Compound(s) from Alkaloid, Flavonoids and Phenolics Rich Extracts of Piliostigma reticulatum Leaf
Malaria is a deadly vector born disease caused by Plasmodium spp with increasing morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Ethnobotanical studies and phytochemical screening remains the mainstay in the hunt of bioactive secondary metabolites from natural sources needed to confront the growing challenges faced by available drugs used in the treatment of many infectious diseases malaria inclusive. This study aimed at identifying potential antimalarial compound(s) in some Piliostigma reticulatum extracts. In vivo technique was used to assay for antimalarial activities of P. reticulatum extracts and spectroscopic technique was used to characterize compounds present in the extract. Top hit compound against some Plasmodium spp targets were identified using in silico technique. In vivo study revealed phenolic rich extract to exhibit significant antimalarial activity (P<0.05) compared to other extracts and twenty five compounds were identified in the extract spectroscopically. Molecular docking of the compounds against some Plasmodium falciparum targets (PMII, HAP, FP-2 and PfENR) revealed ethylene brassylate as the top hit compound that inhibited PMII, FP-2 and PfENR with binding affinity of -7.3, -7 and -6.5Kcal/mol respectively, whereas 2-hexadecanol was the top hit for HAP with binding affinity of -6.4Kcal/mol. In silico ADMET analysis of the top hits revealed that they both possess drug-like property, metabolizable and relatively safe. This finding gives credence to the use of the plant in malaria treatment and identified two compounds Ethylene brassylate and 2-hexadecanol as promising antimalarial drug candidates which can be harnessed for discovery of novel antimalarial drug.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulhafiz Lamiya, Adamu Jibril Alhassan, Maryam Abdulkadir Dangambo, Hauwa Ahmed Zailani
Effect of Repeated Frying of Potato Chips on Physiochemical Properties of Different Frying Oils and Its Sensory Evaluation
Deep frying involves submerging food in heated oil at about 180°C. Throughout the deep-frying process, various chemical reactions occur, leading to alterations in the physicochemical characteristics of the oil, which can ultimately have detrimental health impacts on consumers. Nevertheless, for reasons of economic efficiency, both home and industrial users frequently reuse cooking oils for deep frying. Consequently, this research aimed to evaluate the physicochemical and nutritional properties of commercially available mustard oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, and palm oil, in addition to investigating how the repeated deep frying of potato tubers affects the physicochemical and nutritional qualities of the analyzed oil samples. Consequently, the ideal amount of frying cycles for every type of oil was explored. To accomplish this, potato was fried individually using coconut, palm, and sunflower oils over four successive frying cycles. Results revealed that increasing the frying counts resulted in increased peroxide value, acid value, viscosity and refractive index, whereas decrease in moisture, iodine value and DPPH value of four oil samples. The peroxide value (PV) and acid value of mustard oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, and palm oil showed increases ranging from 1.82 to 7.98 meq/Kg, 5.19 to 11.69 meq/kg, 4.81 to 9.89 meq/kg, and 2.49 to 11.08 meq/kg respectively, with acid values shifting from 1.24 to 6.74 mg KOH/g, 0.17 to 0.49 mg KOH/g, 0.25 to 0.42 mg KOH/g, and 0.80 to 2.86 mg KOH/g. The viscosity increased from 183.33 to 615.09 mPA s, 51.66 to 405.49 mPA s, 165.57 to 590.17 mPA s, and 376.42 to 711.43 mPA s of mustard oil, sunflower oil, soybean and palm oil respectively, while the refractive index increased from 1.4654 to 1.4672, 1.4668 to 1.4710, 1.467 to 1.4722, and 1.4552 to 1.4610 of mustard, sunflower, soybean and palm oil respectively. In contrast, there was a reduction in moisture content, iodine value, and DPPH value for mustard, sunflower, soybean, and palm oil, ranging from 0.16-0.06%, 0.09-0.03%, 0.11-0.04%, and 0.21-0.09%, respectively. The findings indicate that the iodine values decreased from 106.2-88.6 g, 126.2-106.5 g, 129.4-108.4 g, and 54.3-31.82 g, respectively. The DPPH values of oil samples were 63.25%, 72.08%, 82.55%, and 78.18%, respectively. Following the fourth frying cycle, these values dropped to 47.85%, 53.79%, 79.62%, and 69.58%. Higher sensory scores regarding overall acceptability were obtained by chips fried in palm oil and lower by mustard oil.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rabin Poudel, Bishal Thagunna, Bishal Bhattrai, Sushan Subedi, Nishal Baral
Papaya Seed Essential Oil Anti-Acne Cream and Its Effectiveness Against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acnes
Acne is a common skin disorder that affects people from all walks of life. One of the causes of acne is the bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acne. Papaya seeds are known to have antibacterial properties because they contain active compounds that inhibit bacterial growth. The main objective of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of acne cream with the addition of papaya seed essential oil (Carica papaya L.) against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acne bacteria. The method used in the production of essential oil was steam distillation, the antibacterial activity test was conducted using the disc diffusion method with concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%, and the cream activity test was conducted using the well method. The data analysis results were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that papaya seed essential oil against Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria at concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% was 7.7 mm, 13.1 mm, 16.3 mm, 18.7 mm, and 21.6 mm, respectively. Meanwhile, against Cutibacterium acne, the results were 4.6 mm, 6.4 mm, 9.9 mm, 12.1 mm, and 14.1 mm, respectively. Meanwhile, the inhibition zone results of papaya seed essential oil cream against Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria at concentrations of 40% and 50% were 18.7 mm and 21.7 mm, respectively, while the inhibition zone of the cream against Cutibacterium acne bacteria was 12.8 mm and 14.1 mm. It can be concluded that the acne cream made from papaya seed essential oil has the potential to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Cutibacterium acne. A concentration of 50% proved to be the most effective in inhibiting the growth of acne-causing bacteria.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fadiyah Aprilia, Ulfayani Mayasari