Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry is an open access, peer-reviewed journal, published to attract and disseminate innovative and expert findings in the fields of plant, animal, and microorganism secondary metabolite, and also the effect of natural product on biological system as a reference source for researchers in these fields, and with the aim to set international standards in their methodology. Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry is published twice a year, in April and October. Starting from Volume 10 Number 1 2021, all manuscripts will be published online as soon as the revision is approved (no time constraints). This journal is published by the Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity. Scientific feedback (short communication) is only received for manuscript, which criticize published article before. Manuscripts will be reviewed by managing editor and invited peer review according to their disciplines. The only articles written in English (U.S. English) are accepted for publication. Communications can be addressed to the Support Contact for accelerating evaluation. A letter of statement expressing that the author(s) is responsible for the original content of manuscript, the result for author(s)'s research and never been published must be attached.
Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity
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Antioxidant Activity Test of Ethanol Extract and Seburo Leaf Fraction (Garcinia forbesii King) in Male Wistar Rats Induced by CCl4
Seburo (Garcinia forbesii King) leaves have long been used in traditional medicine in Eastern Indonesia. Previous in vitro studies have demonstrated their significant antioxidant potential. This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical composition and evaluate the in vivo antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts and solvent fractions of Seburo leaves using a CCl?-induced hepatotoxicity model in male Wistar rats. Antioxidant efficacy was assessed through measurements of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, catalase enzyme activity, and both macroscopic and histopathological evaluation of liver tissue. Rats were divided into six groups: negative control (1% Na-CMC), positive control (vitamin C, 10 mg/kg BW), and four treatment groups receiving ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and ethanol-water fraction (each at 100 mg/kg BW). The n-hexane fraction exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with significantly lower MDA levels (0.748 ± 0.061 nmol/mL) and higher catalase activity (27.694 ± 1.135 U/mL), comparable to the positive control. Liver examination revealed reduced tissue damage in all treatment groups compared to the negative control. GC-MS analysis identified key terpenoid compounds in ethanol extract, namely, lupeol, ?-copaene, phytol, and friedelan-3-one, likely contributing to the antioxidant activity. N-hexane fraction has the most significant antioxidant activity among fractions, presumably as it contains the most diverse phytochemical profile. These findings support the therapeutic potential of Seburo leaf as a natural antioxidant agent.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salni, Vitri Agustiarini, Gina Nurhasana
Alteration of Metformin Pharmacokinetic Profile in Rats Exposed to a Low Dose of Chlorpyrifos Insecticide
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate pesticide widely used by farmers to control pests and has a broad spectrum of action. Research has shown that organophosphate pesticides can affect efflux pumps, specifically P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which can alter drug absorption and metabolism, indicating the potential risk of changes in a drug's pharmacokinetic profile, which could affect the effectiveness of drugs such as Metformin. This study investigated the impact of low-dose CPF exposure on the pharmacokinetic profile of Metformin, a first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study used 16 rats to examine Metformin's pharmacokinetic profile and 12 for the creatinine clearance examination. The rats were divided into two groups: a control group given normal saline (+5% Tween 20) and a group given CPF 5 mg/kg BW/day, each administered for 7 days. Metformin was administered on day 8, and pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed using UV-HPLC by measuring metformin plasma levels at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours. Serum creatinine levels were examined in 12 rats using the Jaffe method on day 8 after treatment. The pharmacokinetic analysis showed that there was a change in the metformin profile following CPF administration: an increase in the area under the curve (AUC) and peak concentration (Cmax), along with a decrease in time to peak concentration (Tmax), half-life (T½), clearance (Cl), and volume of distribution (Vd). Serum creatinine levels in the CPF-administered group increased significantly (p<0.05). Further research, including pharmacodynamic assessment and clinical trials, is recommended to guide therapeutic decisions in populations with pesticide exposure.
Copyright (c) 2026 Desie Dwi Wisudanti, Cholis Abrori, Elly Nuru Sakinah, Cicih Komariah, Supangat Supangat
The Effect of Nano Chitosan Xylotrupes Gideon on Fibroblast Proliferation and Collagen Deposition in the Oral Mucosa of Rattus norvegicus
Lacerations of the oral mucosa are a common clinical problem and require an efficient healing process. The wound healing process involves the haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and maturation phases. During the proliferation phase, fibroblasts play an important role in migration and proliferation to produce collagen, which connects the wound's edges and provides strength and stability to the scar tissue that forms. Chitosan from the horned beetle (Xylotruphes gideon) contains active compounds that are thought to accelerate the healing process by increasing the activity of inflammatory cells and fibroblast proliferation. Physical modification into nanoparticles facilitates penetration into the mucosal layer, thereby accelerating collagen production and re-epithelialization. This study aimed to determine the effect of X. gideon nanokitosan administration on increasing fibroblast proliferation and collagen formation in vivo. The study was divided into five groups: positive control, negative control, and nano chitosan treatment at 3000, 1500, and 750µg/mL. All groups of experimental animals were previously given an injury to the right cheek mucosa with a No. 12 scalpel blade, and nano chitosan was administered topically. The increase in fibroblasts and collagen deposits was determined by HE and Masson's Trichrome staining on days 3, 7, and 14, which were observed microscopically and using ImageJ. The results showed a significant increase in fibroblasts on day 3 and collagen fibre deposition on day 14 in all treatment groups. The group with 750 ppm nano chitosan showed the best results in accelerating wound healing regarding fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition. Conclusion: Nano chitosan X. gideon at a concentration of 750 ppm effectively accelerates wound healing in the cheek mucosa of mice by increasing fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Komariah, Muhammad Orliando Roeslan, Rezky Anggraeni, Didi Nugroho Santosa, Aubrey Kanya Rennata
In Silico Study of Bioactive Compounds from Acalypha indica L. Interacting with the COX-2 Receptor as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Candidates
Acalypha indica L. is a medicinal herb traditionally used across Asia for treating inflammation-related conditions. Although several studies report anti-inflammatory activity in its extracts, little is known about the molecular interaction of its individual phytochemicals with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)—a validated therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases. This study fills this gap by performing a comprehensive in silico analysis of 20 major bioactive compounds of A. indica using molecular docking, binding interaction profiling, and ADMET predictions. Docking against the COX-2 receptor (PDB: 3LN1) using AutoDock Vina revealed that rutin (-10.4 kcal/mol), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (-10.1 kcal/mol), quercetin (-9.6 kcal/mol), and luteolin (-9.3 kcal/mol) demonstrated strong predicted affinity and stable interactions with key residues Arg120, Tyr355, and Tyr385, comparable to celecoxib (-10.8 kcal/mol). ADMET profiling showed that aglycone flavonoids possessed more favorable drug-likeness properties than glycosides. These results suggest that A. indica contains multiple promising lead compounds for future COX-2 inhibition studies and highlight the molecular mechanisms supporting its ethnomedicinal use as an anti-inflammatory agent.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lisa Savitri, Kharisul Ihsan, Rochmad Krissanjaya, Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo
Major Royal Jelly Protein 2 (mrjp2) Gene in Apis cerana from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
Indonesia is recognized as one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, supporting a wide range of pollinating insects, including honey bee species of the genus Apis. Among these, Apis cerana is the most widely managed species and contributes significantly to national honey production, particularly in Sulawesi. However, the increasing economic value of honey has led to frequent cases of entomological origin fraud, in which honey is falsely labeled as being produced by a different bee species. This study aimed to determine the entomological origin of honey sold in Central Sulawesi using the Major Royal Jelly Protein 2 (mrjp2) gene as a molecular marker. Seven honey samples claimed as “forest honey” were analyzed through DNA extraction, PCR amplification using species-specific primers (CF-CR), and sequencing followed by BLAST-n analysis. All samples yielded high-quality DNA with purity ratios appropriate for PCR amplification. PCR successfully amplified the mrjp2 gene, producing fragments of approximately 201-208 bp, consistent with the expected size for A. cerana. Sequence analysis showed percent identity values ranging from 99.20% to 100% when compared with reference sequences of A. cerana. Based on molecular verification, three samples (H3, H5, and H7) did not match the seller’s claims and were confirmed to originate from A. cerana rather than A. dorsata binghami. These findings demonstrate that sequencing of the mrjp2 gene is an effective and reliable approach to authenticate the entomological origin of honey and to detect fraudulent labeling in commercial honey products.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Made Budiarsa, Manap Trianto, Akram, Yulia Windarsih, Abdul Ashari
In Silico Molecular Docking and ADMET Evaluation of Active Compounds from Acalypha indica L. Against the HER2 Breast Cancer Target
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide, and overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is associated with aggressive tumor progression, poor prognosis, and treatment resistance. Natural compounds are increasingly explored as safer anticancer candidates due to their structural diversity and lower toxicity profiles. Acalypha indica L., a traditional medicinal plant widely used in Asia, contains numerous phytochemicals with reported antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. This study investigates the binding affinity and pharmacokinetic potential of major A. indica phytochemicals against HER2 using in silico molecular docking and ADMET predictions. Twelve bioactive compounds were selected: quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, rutin, isoquercitrin, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, esculetin, lupeol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and acalyphin. Docking was performed using AutoDock Vina against HER2 (PDB ID: 3PP0). Kaempferol (-10.2 kcal/mol), quercetin (-9.8 kcal/mol), and luteolin (-9.3 kcal/mol) showed the highest affinity, interacting strongly with key residues within the HER2 ATP-binding pocket. ADMET analysis indicated that kaempferol, quercetin, and luteolin possessed favorable oral bioavailability and safety characteristics. These findings suggest that A. indica contains promising HER2-targeting phytochemicals that warrant further investigation through in vitro and in vivo studies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lisa Savitri, Kharisul Ihsan, Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo, Rochmad Krissanjaya
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Miira-Cell, a Novel Nutraceutical, in Reducing High-Fat Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemia in Wistar Rats
Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, often exacerbated by high-fat diets. Miira-Cell, a novel nutraceutical, has been developed to address this issue. This study evaluates the efficacy of Miira-Cell in mitigating hypercholesterolemia induced by high-fat diet in Wistar rats. Acute toxicity testing showed that Miira-Cell was safe, with an LD50 greater than 5000 mg/kg. Thirty Wistar rats were divided into six groups: normal control, high-fat diet control, and three groups receiving high-fat diets supplemented with low, medium, and high doses of Miira-Cell, respectively. A sixth group received Rosuvastatin as a positive control. After a 14-day treatment period following a 21-day high-fat diet, lipid profiles, liver biomarkers, oxidative stress markers, and cardiac tissue histopathology were assessed. The results showed that Miira-Cell significantly reduced triglycerides, VLDL, and total cholesterol in a dose-dependent manner, similar to Rosuvastatin. Both Miira-Cell and Rosuvastatin also lowered LDL levels. However, all treatment groups showed decreased HDL levels, which may indicate potential effects on HDL metabolism. Miira-Cell demonstrated hepatoprotective properties by reducing liver enzyme levels and oxidative stress. Histopathological analysis revealed tissue damage in the negative control group, while tissue integrity was preserved in Miira-Cell and Rosuvastatin-treated groups. In conclusion, Miira-Cell shows potential as a therapeutic agent for hypercholesterolemia and associated liver diseases, although further research is necessary to elucidate its mechanisms and clinical applicability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chioma Cordelia Ugwu, Stanley Obinna Ezeadichie, Okey John Nnamani, Osah Martins Onwuka, Chioma Marylyn Adilieje
Analysis of Vegetative Morphological Characteristics, Yield Potential, and Chemical Composition of Sweet Potato Lines (Ipomoea batatas L.) Resulting from Open Pollination with Ayamurasaki Female Parents
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is an important food crop in Indonesia with high potential to support food diversification, improve nutrition, and develop functional food products. The purple-fleshed variety (Ayamurasaki) is used as the female parent in breeding programs due to its high anthocyanin content. This study aimed to analyze the vegetative morphological characteristics, yield potential, and chemical composition of open-pollinated sweet potato lines using Ayamurasaki as the female parent. This study was conducted using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of five lines, namely A19, A23, A39, A74, A84, and the Ayamurasaki variety as a control, with three replications. Observations were made on vegetative morphological parameters, tuber weight per plant, and chemical composition analysis. The results showed significant variations among the tested genotypes for all observed parameters. The A23 line showed superior performance, characterized by larger leaf size, larger stem diameter, high yield, and the highest anthocyanin content. Meanwhile, the A84 line showed potential for industrial use due to its relatively high carbohydrate and starch content. These findings provide valuable information for the further development of superior sweet potato lines with high productivity and better nutritional value to support future breeding programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Binsar Simarmata, Ratna Dewi, T. Imam Sofi'i
The Antioxidant Activity and Acute Toxicity of Jamu Cekok: Kidney Histopathology Analysis of Female Wistar
Jamu cekok is a traditional Indonesian herbal remedy for toddlers to improve appetite. While previous studies have shown benefits such as weight gain, its antioxidant activity and safety profile remain underexplored. This study evaluated the antioxidant potential and acute toxicity of jamu cekok, composed of Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, and Kaempferia galanga. Extracts were extracted with Aquadest and n-hexane, and antioxidant activity was assessed via the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Results showed weak antioxidant activity in both extracts (IC50: 481.59 ppm for decoction, 127.12 ppm for n-hexane), lower than some individual herbs. Moreover, an acute toxicity tests followed OECD 425 guidelines using female Wistar rats. No mortality occurred at doses up to 5,000 mg/kgBW, categorizing it as practically non-toxic. However, elevated creatinine levels and histopathological kidney changes, including degeneration and Bowman’s capsule dilation, were observed at higher doses. These findings suggest jamu cekok is safe at high doses but may induce temporary renal effects. Further research is needed to optimize formulations and evaluate long-term safety.
Copyright (c) 2026 Puji Astuti, Virhan Novianry
Production and Evaluation of Mosquito Repellent Dhoop from Orange Peels oil
This study explores the extraction of limonene oil from orange peels using Soxhlet extraction with petroleum ether as the solvent, yielding 9.88%. The limonene oil was utilized to formulate a natural mosquito repellent dhoop by incorporating turmeric, camphor, and activated charcoal. Evaluation methods including cage tests, mosquito landing tests, fume tests, toxicity tests, and skin irritability tests demonstrated the dhoop’s effectiveness in repelling mosquitoes, its non toxic nature, and its safety for human use. Infrared (IR) spectral analysis confirmed the presence of key functional groups, such as terpenoids and phenolic compounds, contributing to the dhoop’s repellant efficacy. The study highlights the potential of orange peel waste as a sustainable source for natural repellents, promoting eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic products. The findings underscore the dhoop’s effectiveness, safety, and environmental sustainability, offering a viable solution for mosquito control and waste valorization. Recommendations include scaling up production, optimizing formulations, and exploring additional applications of limonene oil.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibrahim Hussaini, Hussaina Aminu Ibrahim, Abdullahi Jibril Musa
Molecular Docking and In Vitro Antibacterial Properties of Several Chalcone Derivatives
Chalcones are flavonoid-derived secondary metabolites known for diverse biological activities, including antibacterial effects. This study investigates the antibacterial properties of two chalcone derivatived i.e. 4-dimethylamino-4-hydroxychalcone (DMAHC) and 6-fluoro-2-chloro-4-hydroxychalcone (FCHC) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli through integrated in vitro and in silico analyses. Antibacterial activity assessed using the agar diffusion method at concentrations of 1; 5; and 10% (w/v) revealed that DMAHC exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of both bacterial species, whereas FCHC demonstrated activity only against S. aureus. Molecular docking was performed using target proteins from S. aureus (1MWT) and E. coli (7ONW). Both chalcones were capable of binding to the active-site residues of the respective proteins; however, DMAHC showed a more favorable binding affinity toward E. coli (deltaG = -7.04 kcal/mol) compared to FCHC (deltaG = -6.75 kcal/mol). Despite its negative binding energy, FCHC failed to inhibit E. coli in vitro, likely due to reduced membrane permeability associated with its halogen substituents. Overall, the combined results highlight DMAHC as a more promising antibacterial candidate than FCHC, particularly against Gram-negative bacteria, and underscore the importance of electron-donating substituents in enhancing chalcone bioactivity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Susy Yunita Prabawati, Priyagung Dhemi Widiakongko, Kurniawan Eka Yuda, Agianti Sugiyati
LC-MS Analysis of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Gandaria (Bouea macrophylla Griff.) Stem Bark and Molecular Docking Study against HER2 Protein
Breast cancer is a disease that has long been a source of concern for the public due to its high mortality rate. Excessive exposure to free radicals has been identified as a potential carcinogen, thus necessitating the utilization of antioxidants to counteract the damaging effects of these molecules. Gandaria (Bouea macrophylla Griff.) is a plant that is commonly found in Java, Sumatra, Maluku, and Kalimantan. B. macrophylla is known to have strong antioxidant activity, which is correlated with anticancer activity. A part of B. macrophylla that has not been extensively researched is its stem bark. The objective of this study was to analyze the potential of the ethyl acetate fraction of B. macrophylla stem bark as an anticancer agent using in silico method. The ethyl acetate fraction of B. macrophylla stem bark was characterized by LC-MS, which revealed four major compounds: 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-chromen-2-one, 1-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one, 3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and 2-nitrobenzoic acid. Molecular docking was performed between the compounds against the HER2 protein with PDB ID 3RCD. The four compounds demonstrated binding energy values of -8.29 kcal/mol, -5.04 kcal/mol, -4.66 kcal/mol, and -4.28 kcal/mol, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2026 Junia Salsha Primawati, Sriwijayanti, Boima Situmeang, Siti Safuroh, Yuke Agustin
Effect of Soot Particulate Exposure on Placental Malondialdehyde Levels, Placental Weight and Pregnancy Outcomes in Rats (Ratus novergicus)
Particulate Soot, a product of incomplete combustion processes from industry, fuel emissions and other combustion products, is a component of air pollutants known to be hazardous to health because it is cytotoxic. Adverse health effects depend on the length of exposure and levels in the air, through oxidative stress mechanisms its toxicity affects all body systems including the reproductive system. The placenta, which plays an important role in the growth and development of the fetus, is known to be susceptible to damage in oxidative stress events, affecting pregnancy outcomes. Malondialdehyde (MDA), a biomarker of lipid peroxidation, is often used to assess the level of oxidative stress. However, the effects of soot particulate exposure on placental MDA levels and pregnancy outcomes remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the impact of soot particulate exposure on placental MDA levels, and its effect on placental weight and pregnancy outcome of rats (Rattus norvegicus). Pregnant rats were divided into a control group and 4 experimental groups. The experimental groups were exposed to soot particulates at concentrations of 532 mg/m³ and 1064 mg/m³ for 4 and 8 hours per day throughout gestation, while the control group was exposed to clean air in the chamber. Placental tissues were collected at the end of pregnancy, weighed and examined for MDA levels using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay. Pregnancy outcomes such as fetus weight, fetus length, number of live fetuses and number of intra-uterine deaths were measured and recorded, then statistically analysed. Placental MDA levels in all exposure groups increased significantly compared to the control group (p < 0.05), indicating oxidative stress. Observations in the exposed groups showed a decrease in placental weight, fetal weight, fetal length, number of live fetuses and increased intrauterine death compared to the control group significantly (p < 0.05). Placental MDA levels had a significant effect on placental weight, and pregnancy outcome, the greater the dose and duration of exposure the worse the pregnancy outcome of rats. These findings suggest that exposure to particulate soot causes oxidative stress in placental tissues, resulting in poor pregnancy outcomes. Revealing the potential risks of particulate pollution on reproductive health and foetal development, further research is needed on the mechanism of exposure to find the best solution.
Evaluation of Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Activities of Eremomastax speciosa (Hochst.) Cufod. (Acanthaceae) Leaf Extract
There is a growing interest in the therapeutic potentials of natural products and the mounting need to ensure their safety and efficacy. Eremomastax speciosa (Hochst.) Cufod. (Acanthaceae) is one of such medicinal plants used traditionally to treat various diseases in Nigeria. The leaf extract was investigated for genotoxic and cytotoxic effects using Allium cepa test. The effect of the Eremomastax speciosa leaf extract on the root meristem cells of Allium cepa bulb was investigated using onion bulbs exposed to varying concentrations of the extract (2.5 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL, and 10 mg/mL) for macroscopic and microscopic analysis. Tap water was used as a negative control and Methotrexate (0.1 mg/ml) was used as a positive control. There was statistically significant (p< 0.05) inhibition of root growth depending on concentration by the extract when compared with the negative control group. All the tested concentrations of extract were observed to have cytotoxic effects on cell division in A. cepa. The extract-induced chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei (MNC) formations in A. cepa root tip cells were significant (p<0.05) when compared with control group. The extract treatment further induced cell death, ghost cells, cells membrane damage, and binucleated cells. These results suggest that the leaf extract of Eremomastax speciosa possess cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on A. cepa root meristem cells.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chinyelu Clementina Osigwe, Jude Efiom Okokon, Ugonma Florence Uwaeme, Ijeoma Lilian Ebere
Anchovy Rice Nuggets and Straw Mushroom with Porang Flour Substitution to Prevent Stunting
Stunting is one of the chronic nutritional problems in toddlers that remains highly prevalent in Indonesia. Prevention efforts can be carried out through the innovation of functional foods based on nutrient-rich local ingredients. This study aimed to determine the effect of porang flour substitution on the hedonic quality, toddler panelists’ acceptance, and nutritional composition of anchovy rice and straw mushroom nuggets. The study used an experimental design with three formulas: P1 (60% anchovy rice, 25% straw mushroom, 20% porang flour), P2 (60% anchovy rice, 20% straw mushroom, 25% porang flour), and P3 (60% anchovy rice, 15% straw mushroom, 30% porang flour). Hedonic and hedonic quality tests were conducted on 25 toddler panelists, while proximate analysis included moisture, ash, fat, protein, crude fiber, and carbohydrate content. The results showed that P1 obtained the highest scores and was most preferred in terms of color, aroma, taste, and texture. Proximate analysis also showed that P1 had the highest protein content (6.81%) with 65.82% moisture, 1.56% fat, 2.33% ash, 0.95% crude fiber, and 23.47% carbohydrates. Meanwhile, the increased substitution of porang flour in P3 reduced sensory quality and protein levels, although it increased fiber and carbohydrates. Therefore, P1 can be considered the best formula because it achieved the highest acceptance and provided more suitable nutrients to support the improvement of toddlers’ nutritional status. This study highlights that the utilization of local food ingredients such as anchovy rice, straw mushrooms, and porang flour has the potential to serve as an innovative strategy for stunting prevention.
Copyright (c) 2026 Junendri Ardian, Anisah, Widani Darma Isasih, M. Thonthowi Jauhari
Sustainable Valorization of Corncob Residues through Green Lignin Extraction for Functional Sunscreen Applications
Corncob residues represent an abundant agricultural biomass rich in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Lignin, an aromatic biopolymer containing benzene and ketone functional groups, exhibits inherent ultraviolet (UV) absorption, positioning it as a promising bio-based ingredient for sustainable sunscreen formulations. In this study, lignin was extracted from corncob residues—comprising 18.5% hemicellulose, 23.5% cellulose, and 16.5% lignin—using a green deep eutectic solvent (DES) system composed of choline chloride and citric acid, and benchmarked against conventional alkaline extraction using NaOH. FTIR analysis revealed attenuated peak intensities in DES-extracted lignin, indicating lower recovery and partial structural alteration relative to the NaOH-derived counterpart. Extraction yields were 10.06% for the DES method and 16.19% for the NaOH method. Sunscreen formulations containing 2%, 3%, and 4% lignin exhibited appreciable UV absorption, particularly within the UVA region, with the highest performance observed at 4% lignin loading. These results highlight the feasibility of valorizing corncob biomass through environmentally benign lignin extraction to produce functional bio-based materials for sustainable sunscreen applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Teguh Pambudi, Hilman Imadul Umam, Fajar Amelia Rachmawati Putri, Alifa Rahma Zuhri, Nanda Aurelia Salsabila S., Melisa Nur Halimah, Sheryl Ayesha Bruning, Elzandra Imola Vioniken
In Silico Analysis of Bioactive Compounds from Imperata cylindrica as Potential EGFR Inhibitors in Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer remains a major cause of death in women globally. Conventional treatments often result in toxicity and resistance, prompting interest in natural alternatives. Imperata cylindrica has demonstrated potential anticancer activity, but its molecular interaction with EGFR in cervical cancer remains unexplored. Objective This study employed an in-silico approach to evaluate the potential of bioactive compounds from I. cylindrica as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors. Methods: An in-silico study was conducted using molecular docking using AutoDock v4.2.6 to assess the binding affinity of I. cylindrica bioactive compounds toward EGFR. Docking validation used redocking. ADMET predictions were performed using pkCSM and ProTox-II to evaluate pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and drug-likeness properties. Results: Jatrorrhizine, curcumin, and 5-hydroxyflavone showed strong binding to EGFR (?G: –8.00 to –7.67 kcal/mol) with key interactions at Asp855 and Lys745. These compounds also exhibited good oral absorption and low toxicity. Arundoin showed the highest affinity (–8.57 kcal/mol) but poor ADMET characteristics, reducing its therapeutic potential. Conclusion: Jatrorrhizine, curcumin, and 5-hydroxyflavone show potential as EGFR inhibitors, warranting further experimental validation and development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Farid, Hanin Fitri Aqilanisa, Jihan Aqila Najwa Ulayya, Gylda Shareefa Carent Nissiara, Murni Ramadhani, Ardestya Rastrani
In Silico Study of the Antibacterial Activity of Acalypha indica L. Compounds Against Staphylococcus aureus DNA Gyrase Protein
Flavonoids from Acalypha indica exhibit potential antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, particularly through inhibition of DNA gyrase B. This study evaluated molecular interactions of mauritanin, acalyphin, quercetin, and kaempferol using in silico approaches, including molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and ADMET prediction. Docking results showed that mauritanin had the lowest binding energy (-8.5 kcal/mol) and formed stable interactions with key residues in the active site, corroborated by 50 ns molecular dynamics simulations. Pharmacokinetic and drug-likeness predictions indicated that mauritanin and acalyphin had favorable profiles, with high gastrointestinal absorption and low toxicity risk. The other flavonoids showed higher permeability across the central nervous system, potentially beneficial for CNS-targeted therapies. These findings support mauritanin as a promising lead compound for novel antibacterial agent development, warranting further in vitro and in vivo validation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lisa Savitri, Kharisul Ihsan, Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo
Analysis of Medicinal Plant Potential in the Nglanggeran, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta
Indonesia has abundant biodiversity with thousands of plant species traditionally used as medicine. The role of medicinal plants is increasingly recognised amid the trend of returning to nature and seeking more sustainable health solutions. Nglanggeran has a physical, chemical, and biotic environment that differs significantly from other ancient volcanoes in Indonesia. This situation is one of the reasons for Nglanggeran's unique flora. This study aimed to identify medicinal plants in Nglanggeran. The methods used in this study were surveys and exploration. The study results show that there are 21 families and 35 plant species with medicinal properties in Nglanggeran. The Euphorbiaceae family has the most medicinal plants. The most common habitus of medicinal plant species found in Nglanggeran is shrub. Leaves are the most widely used part of medicinal plants for treatment. Based on a literature review, most medicinal plants in Nglanggeran have undergone phytochemical testing. The compounds most commonly found in these plants are flavonoids and alkaloids.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hikmah Supriyati, Widodo
Fatty Acids and Its Derivatives from the Extracts of Ficus mucoso Leaves
The n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Ficus mucoso leaves were screened for the presence of metabolites, using column and thin-layer chromatographic techniques. Dodec-6-enoic acid (1), methyl hexadecanoate (2), hexadec-9-enoic acid (3), and ethyl tetradecanoate (4) were obtained from the extracts of F. mucoso leaves. These compounds were confirmed via 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) and available published literature.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulmumeen Amao Hamid, Godshelp Osas Egharevba, Shuaib Bolaji Issa, Oluwafeyikemi Mercy Olalere, Bukunmi Temitope Akinloye, Yakub Tunde Yakub, O. Sulyman Ibrahim, Idris Umar, Habeebulahi Ajibola Adekilekun, Idris Olatunji Sanusi, Abdullahi Alhaji Ahmad
Development of siRNA-Based Therapeutic Strategy Targeting Virulence Factor lpfA of Zoonotic Escherichia coli O157:H7
This study aimed to identify potential small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules capable of silencing the lpfA virulence gene of Escherichia coli O157:H7, a zoonotic pathogen responsible for severe gastrointestinal disease. The nucleotide sequence of lpfA from E. coli O157:H7 strain Sakai was analyzed, and candidate siRNAs were designed using multiple bioinformatics tools, including siPRED, siRNA Scales, MaxExpect, and DuplexFold. Top ten selected siRNA candidates demonstrated high predicted inhibitory activity, with silencing efficiencies ranging from 93.73% to 94.66%. Secondary structure predictions indicated stable folding without inhibitory intramolecular structures, while binding energy analysis showed strong siRNA–mRNA duplex stability, with the best candidate exhibiting -26.5 kcal/mol. These findings suggest that the identified siRNAs possess strong theoretical potential to suppress lpfA expression and may serve as candidates for future experimental validation. Overall, this study provides a foundational step toward developing siRNA-based therapeutic strategies targeting key virulence factors of E. coli O157:H7.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rian Ka Praja, Oktaviani Naulita Turnip, Hanasia Hanasia, Reny Rosalina
Medicinal Plant Use by Traditional Healers in the Muaro Jambi Temple Complex
Traditional medicinal knowledge plays an essential role in community health practices, yet much of it remains undocumented and at risk of being lost. This study investigated the ethnobotanical knowledge of traditional healers in the cultural landscape surrounding Candi Muaro Jambi, Indonesia. From April to July 2025, interviews were conducted with seven key informants recognized for their expertise in traditional healing. Information on plant names, parts used, preparation methods, routes of application, and treated ailments was collected and verified through botanical identification. A total of 98 medicinal plant species were documented, with leaves most frequently used (45.9%), followed by fruits, stems, seeds, bark, or latex (30.6%), and roots, rhizomes, or tubers (23.5%). Boiling was the predominant preparation method, valued for its simplicity and effectiveness in extracting water-soluble compounds. The recorded remedies addressed a wide spectrum of health conditions, including infections, inflammatory diseases, metabolic disorders, and respiratory problems, applied both orally and topically. These findings highlight the cultural importance and pharmacological potential of local ethnomedicinal practices, providing a valuable foundation for future drug discovery and biodiversity conservation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Helman Kurniadi, Aminuddin Aminuddin, Fitria Heldiana
Phytochemical Composition and Antibacterial Potential of Vitex trifolia L. Against Pneumonia Causing Bacteria
This study investigated the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of Vitex trifolia L. (Legundi) in response to the increasing need for alternative therapeutic agents against pneumonia-causing bacteria. The research aimed to evaluate secondary metabolite distribution across roots, stem bark, leaves, and fruits, and to assess their effectiveness against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. A laboratory-based experimental design was employed, involving maceration extraction using 70% ethanol, qualitative phytochemical screening, and antibacterial testing through the agar well diffusion method at multiple extract concentrations. Results reveal that all plant parts contain flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids, with terpenoids present in bark and fruits. Leaves and fruits exhibited the strongest antibacterial responses, particularly at 80% and 100% concentrations, reflecting their richer phytochemical profiles. S. aureus showed the highest susceptibility, followed by S. pneumoniae and K. pneumoniae, consistent with differences in bacterial cell-wall structure. These findings demonstrate Legundi’s potential as a natural antibacterial agent, provide new insights into plant-part variation and dose-dependent effects, and strengthen the scientific foundation for developing plant-based therapeutic alternatives. Further research on compound isolation, quantitative assays, and in vivo validation is recommended to enhance the clinical relevance of these results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Baiq Ayu Aprilia Mustariani, Mutazam Multazam, Wirdatul Suryanah, Viki Nihayatussa'adah
Analysis of Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) Levels in Rats Given Jamu Cekok Decoction
Jamu cekok is a traditional medicine used by Indonesians, especially children to increase appetite. However, the safety test of jamu cekok on liver function using Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) as parameters has never been evaluated. This study aimed to determine the effect of jamu cekok on liver function by assessing SGOT and SGPT levels in rats subjected to acute toxicity. The study employed an analytical experimental design with the OECD 425 method. The test rats used were 12, divided into a control group, a 2000 mg/kg BW treatment group and a 5000 mg/kg BW treatment group. The treatment of jamu cekok decoction was given once on the first day of the acute toxicity test and was observed for 14 days. SGOT and SGPT levels were measured and analyzed using one-way ANOVA to assess differences between groups. Through this study, observations of behavior and body weight over the 14 days showed no signs of toxicity or mortality. The LD50 value was determined to be greater than 5000 mg/kg BW, which is categorized as practically non-toxic. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc tests revealed no significant differences in SGOT levels between the control and treatment groups (p>0,05). Similarly, SGPT levels also showed no significant difference (p>0,05) between groups. These findings indicate that he administration of jamu cekok at a dose of 2000 mg/kg BW and 5000 mg/kg BW does not induce toxic effects on liver function, as reflected by SGOT and SGPT measurements.
Copyright (c) 2026 Risya Alfhadillah, Puji Astuti, Sari Rahmayanti, Virhan Novianry
Virgin Coconut Oil and Folic Acid Improve Insulin Signaling and Cardiac Function in Rotenone Induced Stunted Zebrafish Larvae
Stunting is a chronic growth disorder caused by prolonged nutritional deficiencies and environmental stress, resulting in reduced height for age. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are increasingly recognized as key contributors to impaired growth and cardiometabolic instability during early development. This study investigated the potential protective effects of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) and folic acid on insulin signaling and cardiac finction in a rotenone induced stunted zebrafish larval model. A laboratory experimental study with a true experimental post test only controlled group design was conducted among 30 Zebrafish (Danio rerio) for Irs gene expression at 9 day post fertilization (dpf) as samples per tube, heart rate was measured at 3, 6, and 9 dpf. The total group treatment was five with inclusion and exclusion criterias, negative control (NC), positive control exposed to rotenone (12.5 ppb), VCO treatment (6.25%), folic acid treatment (70 µM), and a combination of VCO and folic acid. Variables assessed in this study included heart rate and insulin receptor substrate (Irs) were evaluated using real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27 for windows. Rotenone significantly reduced Irs expression compared with negative control (0.272 ± 0.128 vc 1.014 ± 0.187; p<0.001). Treatment with VCO (0.678 ± 0.250), folic acid (0.676 ± 0.191), and their combination (0.695 ± 0.231) increased Irs expression relative to the rotenone group (p<0.05), although no significant differences were observed among the treatment groups. Rotenone also elevated heart rate at 9 dpf (236.9 ± 19.2 bpm) compared with the negative control (163.7 ± 10.1 bpm), whereas treatment groups showed improved cardiac parameters. These findings highlight the potential of nutritional interventions targeting mitochondrial oxidative stress to support recovery of insulin signaling and improve metabolic stability in stunting related conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syahana Aini, Farica Emiliana, Hanida Aisyah Ardiana, Nurdiana, Ariani, Brigitta Ida Resita Vebrianti Corebima
In Vitro Assessment of the Antibacterial Activity of Sapindus rarak (Lerak) and Its Influence on Cellular Immune Markers During Escherichia coli Infection
Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli remains a major public health concern, prompting interest in plant-derived compounds with both antimicrobial and immunomodulatory functions. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of Sapindus rarak (lerak) extract and its influence on macrophage cytokine responses during E. coli stimulation. Lerak pericarp extract was prepared using 70% ethanol and tested against E. coli ATCC 25922 using broth microdilution. Immunomodulatory effects were assessed in RAW 264.7 macrophages exposed to heat-killed E. coli, followed by treatment with sub-MIC concentrations of the extract. The results showed moderate antibacterial activity, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 250 microgram/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 500 microgram/mL. Cell viability exceeded 90% at 50–100 microgram/mL, confirming suitability for immunological assays. Lerak significantly reduced TNF-alpha and IL-6 production while increasing IL-10 levels, indicating suppression of excessive inflammation and enhancement of regulatory responses. These findings suggest that S. rarak possesses dual antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties, highlighting its potential as a complementary therapeutic candidate for managing E. coli infections where inflammation contributes to disease severity.
Molecular Identification and Characterization of Lipase-Producing Bacteria Isolated from Wawolesea Hot Spring, Southeast Sulawesi
The Wawolesea hot spring in Southeast Sulawesi represents an extreme ecosystem characterized by high temperature and salinity, providing a potential habitat for thermo-halophilic bacteria that produce industrial enzymes, particularly lipase. Here, we carried out molecular identification of lipase-producing bacteria isolated from the Wawolesea hot spring using 16S rRNA gene analysis. The sequence comparison showed that isolate K.111 was the most closely related to Bacillus thuringiensis. This supports the hypothesis that the Wawolesea hot spring harbors thermo-halophilic bacterial communities with potential applications in industrial biocatalysis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sapto Raharjo, Muhammad Azwar Syah, Andi Tantri, Tien, Lina Lestari
Harnessing Blighia sapida as a Source of Novel Antimicrobials: Activity of Crude and Fractionated Extracts Against MDR Pathogens
The rapid proliferation of multidrug-resistant pathogens has elevated antimicrobial resistance to a global crisis, necessitating the search for alternative antimicrobial sources. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of crude and fractionated extracts of Blighia sapida against selected multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates. The crude extract was prepared by maceration and subsequently fractionated using solvents of varying polarity. Antibacterial activity was assessed through standard microbiological assays, and phytochemical constituents were profiled using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The crude extract exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones increasing in a concentration-dependent manner. Escherichia coli was the most susceptible (20.0 mm at 100 mg/mL), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.0 mm), with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 25–50 mg/mL. Fractionation produced varied activities: the n-hexane fraction demonstrated minimal inhibition (?10 mm), the ethanolic fraction showed moderate activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Acinetobacter baumannii, and K. pneumoniae (5–10 mm), while the aqueous fraction was the most active, particularly against A. baumannii (11.0 mm) and E. coli (10.0 mm). Fraction MICs were higher (50–>100 mg/mL), indicating reduced potency compared to the crude extract. HPLC analysis identified kaempferol, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, myricetin, quercetin, and caffeine as major constituents. These findings demonstrate that B. sapida possesses promising antimicrobial phytochemicals and highlight its potential as a valuable plant-based source for combating MDR bacteria.
Copyright (c) 2026 Olumide Oluyele, Precious Temidayo Bimboye
Physicochemical Properties and Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Extract of Maggot Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as Animal Feed
This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical properties and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile of Hermetia illucens (BSF) maggot extract as a potential sustainable ingredient for animal feed. Lipid extraction was performed using a modified Bligh and Dyer method by substituting chloroform with n-hexane to ensure safer and environmentally friendly processing. Proximate analysis revealed that BSF maggots contained 29.36% crude protein, 43.76% crude fat, 9.27% ash, 19.94% crude fiber, and a low moisture content of 3.06%, indicating high nutritional density and storage stability. XRF and qualitative tests confirmed significant mineral content, particularly CaO, K?O, and P?O?, with no detectable heavy metals or harmful contaminants, supporting their safety for feed applications. Microscopic analysis showed particle sizes ranging from 2,000-10,000 nm, classifying the material as a nanostructured biomass. The FAME profile demonstrated a diverse composition dominated by 9-octadecenoic acid (10.92%), triacontane (8.87%), octadecanoic acid (7.65%), and heptacosanoic acid (7.17%). Key medium- and long-chain fatty acids such as dodecanoic acid (C12:0), elaidic acid (C18:1), and stearic acid (C18:0) were also detected, indicating the suitability of BSF lipids as an energy-dense feed component with oxidative stability. Overall, the biochemical and structural characteristics obtained in this study highlight BSF maggots as a promising, nutrient-rich, and environmentally sustainable ingredient for animal feed formulations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Risalatul Fathimah, Dika Putra Wijaya, Amirotul Muniroh, Sumari, Danar, Nilna Inayatan Nafiah, Fatimah Az-Zahra, Aura Gitta Zhafirah, Grestya Dienda Monicha, Marendha Salma Sajidah, Juwita Oktaviani, Fina Kharisma Musallamah, Putri Rizky Febrianti
The Effect of Methanol Concentrations Against Phenolic Total Content and Antioxidant of Balakacida Leaves (Chromolaena odorata)
The balakacida plant with the Latin name Chromolaena odorata is a plant that lives in a tropical climate. The balakacida plant is a plant of the Asteraceae Family. Phytochemical tests on balakacida leaves showed the presence of secondary metabolites of the tannin, phenol, flavonoid, saponin and steroid groups. This study aims to extract balakacida leaves and test the total phenolic and antioxidant content. Sample extraction was carried out by the maceration method using methanol solvent. Testing of total phenolic content using the Folin Ciocalteu method, while testing of antioxidant content using the DPPH method using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the concentration of methanol solvent significantly affected the acquisition of total phenolics and antioxidants. The highest total phenolic content was obtained at a methanol extract concentration of 80% of 145.64 mg GAE/g. For antioxidant content, a methanol extract concentration of 60% showed the highest activity with an average DPPH % inhibition of 59.77%. It can be concluded that a methanol extract concentration of 60% is the optimal concentration to produce balakacida leaf extract with the best antioxidant activity, although not with the highest total phenolic content.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sriwijayanti, Ahmad Firdaus, Boima Situmeang, Holisha Widiyanto, Dian Susvira
Antibacterial Innovation of Iron Nanoparticles from Pomegranate Peel Extract (Punica granatum L.): an In Vitro Study
Iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) were synthesized from pomegranate peel extract using ethanol as a solvent. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized Fe-NPs against pathogenic bacteria (S. aureus and E. coli) was assessed using the well diffusion method. The morphology, structure, size, and atomic distribution on the surface of Fe-NPs were characterized using SEM-EDS, UV-Vis, and FTIR spectroscopy. Different pH conditions (5, 7, and 9) were investigated as experimental factors for Fe-NPs preparation. The results revealed mostly irregular spherical shapes with particle sizes ranging from 1 to 89 nm, with the smallest size observed at pH 9. UV-Vis spectra confirmed the formation of Fe-NPs, appearing in the UV region around 230-295 nm. FTIR spectra indicated the presence of polyphenolic compounds from the pomegranate peel extract, which facilitated Fe-NPs stabilization and acted as bioreductants. Upon reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(0), oxidation of O-H and C-O functional groups occurred. The diameters of inhibition zones against the tested bacteria were 16 mm at pH 5, 13 mm at pH 7, and 15 mm at pH 9, indicating strong antibacterial activity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shofia Jannatul Ma'rifah, Nur Azizah, Zahrotul Jamilah, Thoifatus Syarivah, Nabiilah Rifda Harmono Putri, Majida Ramadhan, Gatra Ervi Jayanti
Antibacterial Actinomycetes from Tropical Ecosystem Karst in South Sulawesi: Isolation, Characterization, and Bioactive Metabolite Profiling
The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens reinforces the critical need for new antibiotics sourced from unexplored microbial habitats. Actinomycetes remain the most prolific bacterial producers of bioactive secondary metabolites, yet tropical karst ecosystems and plant-associated rhizospheres in Indonesia remain poorly investigated despite their ecological complexity. This study aimed to isolate, screen, and characterize Actinomycetes from the karst and rhizospheric environments of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, and to identify isolates capable of producing antibacterial compounds. A total of 42 isolates were obtained using heat-shock pretreatment and selective Starch Casein Agar. Preliminary antagonistic assays against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 identified four active isolates. Two isolates KMR 1E2 and SDR 2a exhibited strong inhibition (>30 mm) against S. aureus, while SDR 9.9 inhibited E. coli. Morphological and phenotypic characterization revealed diverse spore-chain architectures, colony color profiles, carbon and nitrogen utilization patterns, salinity tolerance, melanin production, and variable growth under different pH and temperature conditions. Ethyl acetate extracts of KMR 1E2 and SDR 2a demonstrated potent antibacterial activity, and TLC-bioautography identified three active metabolites (Rf 0.73, 0.48, 0.34), with the Rf 0.34 spot associated with an alkaloid-type compound. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of KMR 1E2 extract against S. aureus was 0.3125 mg/mL. This study confirms that tropical karst ecosystems in Indonesia are promising reservoirs of antibiotic-producing Actinomycetes and provides a foundation for future genomic and chemical elucidation studies
Copyright (c) 2026 Alimuddin Ali, Pasmawati Pasmawati, Rukman Muslimin, Alnadia Yusriya Hibatullah, Deni Frans Sakka, Christina Aryanti Pada Soa, Kusdianawati Buhaerah, Muharram Passitta
Haematological Modulation Associated with Sub-Chronic Oral Administration of Extracts of Simarouba glauca (Paradise tree) in Male Wister Rats: A Comparative Study
Simarouba glauca has been reported to possess various bioactive compounds with therapeutic potentials; with paucity of data on safety; hence, the study aimed to evaluate the effects of aqueous, ethanol and methanol leaf extracts of Simarouba glauca on hematological indices of male Wistar rats. The study was conducted according to the guidelines of organization for economic co-operation and development (OECD), No. 425; with a total of thirty male Wistar rats; divided into ten groups of n >= 3. Experimental rats were administered Simarouba glauca Leaf extracts at 500, 1000 and 2000 mgkg-1 body weight, respectively; while the control group received feed and water only ad libitum daily for 30 days. Selected hematological indices were evaluated. Groups administered respective doses of ethanol and methanol leaf extracts demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent elevation of red blood cell; significant (p< 0.05) rise in the white blood cell count of groups administered aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts respectively at high doses; whereas, at 500 mgkg-1 of respective extracts, there were no differences (p > 0.05) in white blood cell count. Monocytes increased (p < 0.05) in groups administered respective doses of the extracts; while lymphocytes increased in groups administered respective doses of ethanol extract. Although, the extracts elicited alterations in white blood cells at higher doses; extract(s) did not induce anemia. Interestingly, extracts stimulated marked increases in red blood cell counts; an indication of the seemingly erythropoietic potentials of the extracts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ishaq Sammydavies E. Osagie-Eweka, Khadijah A. Isimekhai
Kinetic Release Models of Nitrogen and Iron from Chitosan-Biochar Based Slow Release Fertilizers
The use of slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) is increasingly recognized as a sustainable method to enhance nutrient-use efficiency. This study utilized nitrogen from urea and Fe from iron sand, both encapsulated in chitosan–biochar matrices through NaOH-induced solidification to form bead-type SRFs. Four formulations with different biochar–urea ratios were prepared: A (CB2U2Fe), B (CB3U2Fe), C (CB3U3Fe), and D (CB2U3Fe). Bead morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while nitrogen and Fe release behavior was evaluated after 1, 3, 5, and 7 days under soil percolation. Release patterns were modeled using pseudo-first-order (PFO), pseudo-second-order (PSO), Weber–Morris, and Elovich kinetics. SEM results showed that chitosan–biochar–urea beads (BCB@N) contained numerous voids and surface cracks, indicating a porous microstructure. In contrast, chitosan–biochar–urea–Fe beads (BCB@UFe) displayed a denser structure with fewer pores, supporting more controlled water entry and nutrient diffusion. Release experiments identified sample C as the most stable formulation for both nitrogen and Fe. Nitrogen-release kinetics fitted the PFO (R² = 0.920) and PSO (R² = 0.954) models, indicating diffusion-driven release with weak surface interactions. Fe-release kinetics for sample C aligned best with the PFO and Weber–Morris models, suggesting dominance of intra-particle diffusion and physisorption processes.
Microstructural Mechanisms of Sugarcane Bagasse Biodegradation by Locally Isolated Tropical Cellulolytic Fungi for Environmentally Friendly Composting
Sugarcane bagasse is a highly recalcitrant lignocellulosic residue that decomposes slowly under natural conditions, requiring an effective biological agent to accelerate composting. This study evaluated the effectiveness of locally isolated tropical cellulolytic fungi in enhancing bagasse biodegradation based on macromorphological changes and microstructural evidence obtained through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Four treatments were tested: uninoculated control (P0), single inoculum A (P1), single inoculum B (P2), and consortium A+B (P3), with composting conducted for 56 days under a modified Takakura system. The consortium treatment (P3) exhibited the most advanced compost maturity, characterized by darker coloration, brittle texture, granular structure, and a distinct earthy odor. SEM micrographs further confirmed the greatest extent of lignocellulose breakdown in P3, showing deep longitudinal fissures, fibril delamination, lumen collapse, high porosity, and dense hyphal and spore colonization. These findings indicate that the consortium of cellulolytic fungi accelerates lignocellulose depolymerization through synergistic extracellular enzymatic activity, leading to faster decomposition than single isolates. Overall, the results highlight the bioconversion potential of indigenous tropical fungal consortia as environmentally friendly bioactivators for sustainable management of sugarcane bagasse and other lignocellulosic wastes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurhaida Widiani, Ovi Prasetya Winandari
Cytotoxic Activity and Apoptocic Induction of Dicloromethane Fraction Nauclea subdita on WiDr Colon Cancer Cell
Colon cancer is one of the most deadly cancers in the world. Conventional treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are often limited, especially in metastatic cancer. Therefore, the development of alternative therapies, such as chemoprevention, becomes very important. This study aimed to test the anticancer potential of bengkal (Nauclea subdita) stem bark against WiDr colon cancer cells through cytotoxic, cell cycle, and apoptocic assays. The stem bark of bengkal was extracted using n-hexane and ethanol, then fractionated using dichloromethane (DCM). The results of the cytotoxic test using the MTT method showed that the DCM pH 3 fraction had the highest cytotoxic potential with an IC50 value of 112.81 ± 22.55 µg/mL against WiDr cells. However, the Selectivity Index (IS) value of the DCM pH 3 fraction showed low selectivity (<2). Cell cycle assay using flow cytometry indicated that DCM pH 3 fraction was able to inhibit cell cycle distribution. Furthermore, apoptocic test with Annexin V-FTIC/PI method showed that DCM fraction pH 3 triggered apoptocic mechanism in WiDr cancer cells. This study provides preliminary evidence that DCM fraction pH 3 of bengkal stem bark has anticancer potential against WiDr colon cancer cells, thus DCM fraction pH 3 of bengkal stem bark can be a source of WiDr colon anticancer agent.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hengki Kurniawan, Masriani Masriani, Rini Muharini
Optimizing Injection Techniques for Avian Embryos: A Practical Model for Experimental Embryology
Background:Avian embryos such as chickens and ducks offer an ethical and practical model to study early development and test experimental procedures. However, differences in in-ovo injection techniques can affect embryo survival and the consistency of results. This study aimed to find the most effective injection method to improve the success and reproducibility of avian embryo research. Methods: A total of 60 fertilized eggs (30 chicken and 30 duck eggs) were used. They were randomly assigned into six groups: control, horizontal injection, and vertical injection (10 eggs per group for each species). Each treated egg received 0.25 mL of sterile 0.9% saline through a fine 27G syringe and was incubated at 37±0.5°C with 55–60% humidity for five days. Embryo growth was evaluated daily based on the formation of blood vessels, which can be seen by examining the eggs, and differences in egg weight. After the fifth day, the eggs are broken open and the embryos are observed by body length, morphology formation. Results: Vertical injection through the pointed end of the egg resulted in the highest normal development rates (70% in chickens and 80% in ducks). In contrast, horizontal injection caused almost complete growth failure, while control embryos developed normally. Statistical analysis showed a significant effect of injection orientation on embryo survival (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Injecting vertically through the pointed end of the egg is a reliable and low risk method for manipulating avian embryos. This optimized approach ensures better embryo survival and can be applied in future studies involving developmental biology, toxicology testing, stem cell research, and gene editing experiments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurin Nadzifatil Fitriyah, Suryani Suryani, Din Fitri Rochmawati, Ahmad Nafi Ulumi, Abd El Rahman Irwan Maulana, Putri Shavina Shaqynia Nasution, Fa’iqotur Rokhmah
Antifungal Activity of the Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Matoa Leaves (Pometia pinnata J. R. Forst & G. Forst) Against Trichophyton rubrum
Dermatophytosis is a prevalent skin infection in tropical regions like Indonesia, predominantly caused by the fungus Trichophyton rubrum. While Matoa leaves (Pometia pinnata) are known for their medicinal properties, their specific antifungal potency requires optimization through fractionation. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of the ethyl acetate fraction of Matoa leaves and determine its effective concentration against T. rubrum. This experimental study employed the disc diffusion method using Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA). The ethyl acetate fraction was tested at concentrations of 10% and 20%, with 2% Ketoconazole as the positive control and DMSO as the negative control. The results demonstrated that the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited strong antifungal activity, yielding inhibition zones of 18.25 mm at 10% concentration and 19.75 mm at 20% concentration. Statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests indicated significant antifungal activity compared to the negative control (p < 0.05), though no significant difference was observed between the 10% and 20% concentrations. These findings suggest that the semi-polar ethyl acetate fraction of Matoa leaves is a potent natural antifungal agent, showing strong efficacy even at lower concentrations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tika Afriani, Devahimer Harsep Rosi, Reka Cania
Formulation and Effectiveness Test of Starfruit Extract Shampoo (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) Against Mortality Pediculus humanus capitis
One of the skin infections that cause health problems in children is pediculosis capitis, which is caused by head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis). One of the efforts to prevent pediculosis can be by testing the formulation of an anti-head lice shampoo using the natural ingredient of star fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L), which contains flavonoid compounds, alkaloids, and saponins. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical stability and effectiveness of the killing power of anti-head lice shampoo preparations with variations in the concentration of star fruit extract formula 1 (F1) 1.5%; formula 2 (F2) 2%; and formula 3 (F3) 2.5% against head lice Pediculus humanus capitis. This type of research is a mixed method (quantitative and qualitative) with an experimental design. The variation in the head lice anti-head shampoo formula is F1 1.5%, F2 2%, and F3 2.5%. Phytochemical screening tests include flavonoid compounds, alkaloids, and saponins. Physical stability tests were carried out for four weeks, including organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and foam height. The lethality test was carried out on the head lice of Pediculus humanus capitis. The data analysis is descriptive and comparative with the One Way ANOVA test. The phytochemical screening test of star fruit extract obtained positive results for flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins. The organoleptic test of F1 shampoo 1.5%, F2 2%, and F3 2.5% showed white, thick results and a distinctive lemon aroma. The viscosity test was F1 1.5% (2,007-2,020 cP), F2 2% (2,020 cP), and F3 2.5% (2,020 cP). The homogeneity test obtained homogeneous results in all three formulas. The results of the foam height test were F1 1.5% (7.17-9.50 cm), F2 2% (7.67-9.83 cm), and F3 (7.83-9.80 cm). The results of the One Way Anova test showed a significance value of 0.012 < 0.05, or there was a significance influence of the shampoo formula of F1 1.5%, F2 2%, and F3 2.5% against the pH value of head lice anti-head shampoo stored for four weeks. The shampoo of star fruit extract affected the death of head lice for 10 minutes with an effective formula at a concentration of 2.5%. The physical evaluation of the head lice shampoo preparation showed good stability. The comparative test results showed that the pH of the shampoo preparation stored for four weeks could be unstable.
Copyright (c) 2026 Intan Kurnia Putri, Maya Uzia Beandrade, Regina Ananda, Reza Anindita
Effect of Ethanol Extract of Cherry (Muntingia calabura L.) Leaves on the Estrous Cycle in Female Mice (Mus musculus)
Cherry (Muntingia calabura L.) leaves contain primary secondary metabolites in the form of flavonoids that have the potential to inhibit fertility by interfering with ovarian, uterus, or vaginal function. One of the parameters that can be used to assess the antifertility potential of a compound or herbal extract is the estrous cycle. This study aimed to determine the effect of cherry leaves ethanol extract intake on the estrous cycle in female mice (Mus musculus). This study used a Complete Random Design (CRD) with 3 treatments, namely control of Na CMC 1% (C), cherry leaves extract at a dose of 125 mg/kg of mice body weight (T1), and 250 mg/kg of mice body weight (T2), each with 3 replicates. The results showed that cherry leaves ethanol extract did not have a significant effect on the length of the estrous cycle of mice analyzed by the Kruskal–Wallis test (Asymp value. Sig > 0.05), although there is a tendency for the estrous cycle in the treatment group to be longer than the control group. This study provides insights for follow-up research with more diverse doses, treatment duration, and reproductive parameters in determining the antifertility activity of an herbal metabolite compound.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maulidatuz Zahro, Harlita
In Vivo Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Sapindus rarak (Lerak) and Host Immunological Profiles in an Escherichia coli Infection Model
This study evaluated the in vivo antibacterial activity of Sapindus rarak (lerak) extract and its effects on host immune responses during Escherichia coli infection. Lerak contains saponins and other bioactive compounds that have shown promising antimicrobial effects in vitro, but in vivo evidence remains limited. Male BALB/c mice were assigned to healthy, infected control, and three treatment groups receiving low, medium, or high doses of lerak extract. All infected groups were orally challenged with pathogenic E. coli and treated for seven days. Clinical signs, bacterial load, cytokines, immunoglobulin levels, and tissue histopathology were assessed. Mice in the infected control group developed weight loss, diarrhea, and systemic signs of infection, whereas those receiving lerak extract showed milder symptoms, especially at higher doses. Lerak significantly reduced bacterial counts in intestinal and systemic tissues, with the strongest effect in the high-dose group. Treatment also decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6) and increased IL-10, indicating a shift toward controlled inflammation. Serum IgA levels were elevated in treated mice, suggesting enhanced mucosal protection. Histopathology confirmed reduced epithelial damage and inflammatory infiltration in the intestine, liver, and spleen. These findings suggest that lerak extract exerts both antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects in vivo. Its dual activity highlights its potential as a plant-derived therapeutic candidate for managing enteric infections caused by E. coli. Further fractionation and mechanistic studies are warranted to identify active compounds and clarify biological pathways involved.
Antioxidant Activity Analysis Using DPPH and Total Phenol Methods of Soursop Leaf Extract (Annona muricata L.)
Soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) are known to contain various bioactive compounds with potential antioxidant properties. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of soursop leaf extract using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method and to determine its total phenolic content using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant activity was assessed at extract concentrations of 500 and 1000 ppm, with quercetin used as a positive control. The results showed that the soursop leaf extract exhibited very strong antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 9,486 ppm. The total phenolic content of the extract was relatively high, ranging from 102,929 to 195,702 mg GAE/g extract. The strong antioxidant activity observed is likely associated with the high content of phenolic compounds, which play a crucial role in scavenging free radicals. These findings suggest that soursop leaf extract has significant potential as a natural antioxidant source for applications in the functional food and pharmaceutical industries.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dwi Kartika Wati, Kammal Nizam Amrullah, Salsabilatul Mukaromah, Nour Athiroh Abdoes Sjakoer, Faisal, Majida Ramadhan, Nafisa
The Effect of Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus) Feeding on the Estrus Cycle in Female Mice (Mus musculus)
Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus) are plants that contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and phytoestrogens that resemble the hormone estrogen, so they have the potential to affect the reproductive system. One of the indicators of the balance of reproductive hormones in female animals is the etrus cycle. An imbalance of the hormones estrogen and progesterone can cause changes in the duration of the etruscan cycle. This study aims to determine the effect of cucumber extract administration on the estrus cycle of female rats (Mus musculus). This study is an experimental study with Complete Random Design (CRD). A total of 9 female rats were divided into three groups, namely the control group, the treatment group with a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight, and the treatment group with a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight. Cucumber extract is administered orally for 15 days. Observation of the estrus cycle is carried out daily by the vaginal swab method. The data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance test. The results showed that the average duration of the estrus cycle of the control group was 4.8 days, the 200 mg/kg BB dose treatment group was 6.1 days, and the 300 mg/kg BB dose treatment group was 4.6 days. The results of statistical analysis showed that the administration of cucumber extract did not have a significant effect on the estrus cycle of female mice (p > 0.05). It can be concluded that administration of cucumber extract at doses of 200 mg/kg BB and 300 mg/kg BB did not have a significant effect on the estrus cycle of female rats, although there is a tendency to alter the length of the estrus phase in some individuals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fassa Atif Aprilia, Harlita
In Silico Study of Ethanolic and Methanolic Extracts of Tridax procumbens (Londotan) as Anti-Inflammatory Agents Targeting the COX-2 Receptor
Inflammation is a major pathological process that occurs when the body’s immune system responds to stimuli caused by various injury factors. The incidence of injuries in Indonesia has reached 9.7%, showing an increase compared to 2014 (7.3%) and 2007 (7.9%). One plant that has not been widely utilized as a medicinal agent but is known to possess anti-inflammatory activity is T. procumbens (commonly known as londotan). The aim of this study was to evaluate the interaction mechanisms of the bioactive compounds from T. procumbens with the COX-2 receptor through a molecular docking approach using the receptor structure obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB ID: 5IKR). Sodium diclofenac was employed as the positive control to identify potential new anti-inflammatory drug candidates with favorable pharmacokinetic profiles The molecular docking simulation results indicated that Quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside the lowest binding free energy (delta G = ?9.73 kcal/mol) with an inhibition constant (Ki) of 73.71 nM, and formed significant hydrophobic interactions with the native ligand residues LEU B:352, VAL B:523, VAL B:349, and ALA B:527. In terms of pharmacokinetic properties, Quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside demonstrated superior performance compared to sodium diclofenac and the native ligand, suggesting that T. procumbens has promising potential to be developed as an anti-inflammatory drug.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ishrolana Lutfi Anggraeni, Hosnatul Hasanah, Nur Faizah, Indah Ayu Wulandari, Silvia Kurnia Sari, Mohammad Rofik Usman
Uncovering the Molecular Mechanisms of Saurauia vulcani Korth in Rhodamine B Induced Colon Injury
The illegal food colorant, Rhodamine B (RhB), might lead to chronic colon injury. Saurauia vulcani is an ethnomedicine utilized for hepatoprotection, antioxidants, and immunomodulators. The histopathological and bioinformatic assays were conducted to discover the ethanolic extract of S. vulcani (EEP) against colon damage in RhB-induced rats. The abnormal results were exhibited in RhB administration, while EEP regained colon length and improved the histopathology of the ascending colon in rats. Furthermore, the construction of PPI predicted TP53, SRC, EGFR, AKT1, MTOR, CASP3, ABCG2, CTNNB1, MAPK14, MAPK8, and JUN as the main targets related to chronic colon injury. The molecular interaction presented S. vulcani had the stable fluctuation and strong binding affinities to thymidine phosphorylase. Therefore, this finding could be preliminary data for chronic colon injury treatment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Feimmy Ruth Pratiwi Sipahutar, Erlintan Sinaga, Masdiana Sinambela, Adriana Yulinda Dumaria LumbanGaol, Melati Nugrahalia Sipahutar
Unveiling the Synergistic Multi-Target Antidiabetic Mechanism of Indonesian Scientific Jamu Formulation: A Computational Study
This study aimed to evaluate the multi-target antidiabetic potential of bioactive compounds within the Indonesian Scientific Jamu formulation (consisting of Andrographis paniculata, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Cinnamomum burmannii, and Syzygium polyanthum) via an in silico approach targeting PPAR-gamma, DPP-4, AKR1C3, and SGLT2. Molecular docking simulations were performed to screen 238 bioactive compounds using Molegro Virtual Docker to predict binding affinities, while ADMET properties were analyzed using pkCSM. The simulation revealed that Cinnamoside, Procyanidin B2, Bisandrographolide B, and Gemin D exhibited the lowest energy on their respective targets. Significantly, 2,6-Di-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose emerged as a superior multi-target compound, consistently outperforming standard drugs (Pioglitazone, Teneligliptin, Glimepiride, and Empagliflozin) against all four receptors. It was concluded that the formulation contained potent compounds acting through a synergistic multi-target mechanism, specifically 2,6-Di-O-galloyl-?-D-glucose, providing a molecular rationale for the formulation’s clinical efficacy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Teguh Sugiarto, Andri Prasetiyo, Esti Mulatsari, Esti Mumpuni, Vandrico Junky, Fadhiil Muhammad Dzaki Adipura, Claudya Fransiska Pratamauli Nainggolan
The Potential of Red Algae Methanol Extract (Kappaphycus alvarezii) as an Antibacterial Agent Toward Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis Bacteria
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a disease caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Red algae (Kappaphycus alvarezii) contain bioactive compounds derived from secondary metabolites with antibacterial properties. This study investigates the potential of Kappaphycus alvarezii methanol extract to inhibit the growth of Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 using the microdilution broth method, determining Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values ranging from a concentration of 500 µg/mL to 1.9531 µg/mL. To elucidate the inhibition mechanism, nucleic acid, protein, and Ca2+ ion leakage assay were performed via spectrophotometry at MIC 1, MIC 2, and MIC 3 concentrations. Morphological changes in the bacterial cell membrane were further examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) at MIC 2. The results demonstrated that, the methanol extract of K. alvarezii exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis bacteria with an MIC value of 1.9531 µg/mL, but showed no inhibitory effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The extract inducted membrane leakage, as indicated by a higher leakage value compared to negative controls and commercial antibiotics. In addition, the methanol extract of K. alvarezii caused alterations in bacterial cells. These findings highlight the potential of Kappaphycus alvarezii methanol extract as a promising antibacterial agent.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nabila Novitasari, Evy Yulianti, Ixora Sartika Mercuriani, Lili Sugiyarto, Nur Aeni Ariyanti
Analysis of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. Contamination in Snacks and Food Handlers of Elementary School Children in West Bekasi
Food safety is a preventive measure against the risk of disease caused by microorganisms, chemicals, and physical materials that can contaminate food. Salmonella sp. and E. coli is a common food poisoning agent found in school snacks. Elementary school students are a vulnerable group to microbial contamination due to their frequent snacking habits. Therefore, this study aims to analyze E. coli and Salmonella sp. contamination in school snacks in the West Bekasi school area, Bekasi City. The research design of this study was a laboratory-based experiment. Data collection method: Data was collected from three different locations: SDN Bintara 1, SDN Jakasampurna 1 and SDN Kotabaru 3. Snack food testing was carried out using TPC testing, to determine the presence of E. coli contamination using EMBA media and Salmonella sp. using SSA media. The result of TPC is above 71,4% of school children’s snacks are classified as unsafe only 4 types of food are classified as safe, namely onigiri, papeda, cilor, and meatballs on skewers. There are 2 foods that grow in EMBA media, namely udang rambutan and cibay, it is possible that both foods are contaminated with E. coli.
Copyright (c) 2026 Afrinia Ekasari, Arindah Nur Sartika, Maulin Inggraini, Reza Anindita
Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Activity, and Brine Shrimp Lethality Test of Thyrsostachys siamensis (Siamese Bamboo) Leaf Extracts
Cancer and oxidative-stress–related disorders continue to rise globally, driving interest in plant-based antioxidants with concurrent cytotoxic potential. This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity, and brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality of Thyrsostachys siamensis (Siamese bamboo) leaf extracts obtained with solvents of increasing polarity (n-hexane, chloroform, acetone, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol, and water). Ethanol appears as the most effective solvent for T. siamensis, combining a solid extraction yield (7.78%) with the richest phytochemical profile (positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and phenolics). This broad chemical recovery corresponds to the strongest bioactivity, shown by its lowest IC50 (91.48 ± 0.12 µg/mL) and LC50 (80.78 ± 0.62 µg/mL). Acetone (6.42%) and ethyl acetate (5.11%) offer moderate yields and selective enrichment of semi-polar constituents, reflected in intermediate IC50 values (144–150 µg/mL) and LC50 values (273–350 µg/mL). In contrast, hexane despite providing the highest mass recovery (11.34%) contains mainly non-phenolic components and shows weak biological activity (IC50 200.52 ± 0.38 µg/mL, LC50 620.06 ± 0.76 µg/mL). Chloroform, with limited phytochemical content, yields the poorest performance (IC50 238.30 ± 1.56 µg/mL, LC50 926.40 ± 4.27 µg/mL).
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhamad Aditya Hidayah, Indah Ayudia, Gerda Pintoko Tunjungsari, Retno Aliyatul Fikroh, Alfandi Ahmad
Protective Effect of Ethanolic Mistletoe Leaves (Scurula atropurpurea (Bl.) Dans) Extract Against Protein Denaturation In Vitro
Inflammation is a complex biological response that eliminates harmful stimuli, clears damaged tissues, and initiates healing. Protein denaturation is known to trigger inflammatory reactions and is associated with chronic disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, and serum sickness. Although steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used, their long-term use may cause adverse effects. Herbal plants represent potential alternative therapies with fewer side effects. This study examined the anti-inflammatory potential of Scurrula atropurpurea, a hemiparasitic plant traditionally used for various medicinal purposes. The ethanolic leaf extract was evaluated for its phytochemical composition, antioxidant properties, and ability to inhibit egg albumin denaturation in vitro. Fresh leaves were collected from tea plants in Sapuran, Wonosobo, and extracted using Soxhlet with 96% ethanol. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids. Quantitative analysis showed a high total phenolic content (126.10 ± 1.5 mg GAE/g extract), moderate tannins, and relatively low flavonoids. The extract demonstrated weak antioxidant activity (IC50 = 140.4 ± 4.9 µg/mL) and minimal protein denaturation inhibition (maximum 1.51% at 100 ppm), significantly lower than sodium diclofenac as a positive control. Overall, the ethanolic extract of S. atropurpurea leaves exhibited low in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, suggesting the need for further investigation using alternative extraction methods, plant parts, or host species.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dwi Aditiyarini, Christini Bernaindah Nadapdap, Ratih Restiani
Optimization of Riau Local Lactic Acid Bacteria Concentration and Evaluation of Cell and Supernatant Antifungal Activity Against Aspergillus parasiticus
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are capable of producing bioactive metabolites that can inhibit the growth of molds, including Aspergillus parasiticus. However, the potential of local LAB strains from Riau as biocontrol agents has not been extensively explored. This study aimed to optimize the concentration of LAB isolated from Riau to obtain the best antifungal activity, evaluate the effectiveness of their supernatants against the growth of A. parasiticus, and assess their potential application in food commodities.The antifungal activity of cell suspensions was tested using the well-diffusion method with varying concentrations (OD). Cell-free supernatants were analyzed through dilution assays to determine the percentage of fungal inhibition. Application testing was conducted on corn kernels as a biocontrol model. The results showed that increasing LAB cell density correlated with a larger inhibition zone against the mold. The two best isolates, S28 and AERH7, at OD 0.8 and 48 hours of incubation, produced inhibition zones of 18.67 mm and 17.58 mm, respectively. The supernatants of both isolates also demonstrated strong activity, with inhibition percentages of 72.17% and 64.39%, confirming the role of LAB metabolites in antifungal activity. Application on corn kernels further showed a visible reduction in mold growth compared to the control.This study concludes that LAB strains from Riau possess significant potential as natural biocontrol agents against A. parasiticus. These findings provide practical benefits for developing microbial-based biopreservation strategies to enhance food safety and quality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Musyirna Rahmah Nasution, Nesa Agistia, Dita Bina Julianti Habeahan, Saryono
Multi-Conformation Docking and Molecular Dynamics Study of Neolignan Compounds from Ocimum sanctum L. Targeting Estrogen Receptor Alpha
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha)-mediated breast cancer is the main target of hormone therapy. However, the long-term use of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) however, can lead to side effects and resistance. This study evaluated how well selected phenolic derivatives from Ocimum sanctum L. to various ER? conformations and to assess the initial stability of selected ligand-receptor complexes in silico. Five compounds, dominated by the neolignan group with one flavonoid derivative, were molecularly docked against four ERalpha structures representing the apo, agonist, and SERM states using AutoDock-GPU, with method validation through co-crystal ligand redocking. The binding affinity and key residue interactions were analyzed to assess cross-conformation consistency. The most stable ligand candidates were further analyzed using molecular dynamics simulations for 30 ns in the agonist and SERM conformations to evaluate the initial structural stabilities of the protein–ligand complexes. The docking results showed that most compounds had ERalpha conformation-dependent affinity; however, Tulsinol D exhibited the most consistent affinity profile and maintained interactions with key ERalpha residues across all tested conformations. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the ERalpha–Tulsinol D complex had good initial stability, characterized by protein backbone stability, reasonable residue flexibility, maintained structural compactness, and stable ligand positioning within the binding pocket. Based on these results, Tulsinol D has potential as an in silico candidate inhibitor of ER? based on phenolic metabolites from O. sanctum and warrants further investigation through advanced computational studies and experimental validation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fawwaz Muhammad Fauzi, Desti Kameliani
The Combined Effect of Birthing Ball Therapy and Birthing Yoga on Maternal Outcomes in Normal Delivery
Childbirth is a physiological process that can be accompanied by pain, anxiety, and varying duration of labor. When pain is not managed well, with high anxiety and too long labor duration, it can increase the risk of complications for the mother and baby, resulting in an increased risk of labor with medical procedures and labor trauma for the mother. One of the complementary therapies that can overcome these problems is the use of birthing balls and labor yoga. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the combination of birthing balls and labor yoga on labor outcomes (labor pain, anxiety levels and labor duration). The research method used was Quashi Experiment with a Non-Equivalent Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. The research subjects were mothers giving birth in the delivery room of RSIA Siti Khadijah, Gorontalo City with a purposive sampling technique based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, so that the total sample obtained was 50 mothers giving birth consisting of 25 respondents in the intervention group and 25 respondents in the control group. Data analysis used the T Test on the variables of Labor Pain and Anxiety Level and the Man-Whitney Test on the variable of labor duration. The results of this study indicate that the combination of birthing ball and birthing yoga has a distinct impact on labor outcomes. The greatest impact was seen on the psychological aspect, with a significant reduction in anxiety (p < 0.01), while the effects on labor pain and duration were more clinical-descriptive in nature without statistical significance (p > 0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that the combination of birthing ball and birthing yoga predominantly affects the psychological aspect, while still contributing to expediting labor progress descriptively.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dwi Nur Octaviani Katili, Nour Arriza Dwi Melani, Alya Agustina Utiarahman
Genetic Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis of Philippine Scrubfowl (Megapodius cumingii) Based on Mitochondrial NADH Dehydrogenase Subunit 2 (ND2) Gene
Central Sulawesi is one of the provinces in Indonesia with high avian diversity, including the Philippine scrubfowl (Megapodius cumingii). This species belongs to the family Megapodiidae and is distributed in the Philippines, parts of eastern Borneo, and several small islands in Indonesia. This study aimed to analyze the genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships of Megapodius cumingii from Poat Island based on sequences of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) gene. Genomic DNA extracted from blood samples of the Philippine scrubfowl was isolated using the gSYNC™ DNA Extraction Kit (Geneaid), amplified using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method with primers L5145 (forward) and H6394 (reverse), and visualized by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. The PCR products were purified using the QIAquick PCR Purification Kit. Sequence data were analyzed using BLAST for species confirmation, DnaSP v6.12.03 for genetic variation analysis, and MEGA 11 for phylogenetic tree reconstruction using the Maximum Likelihood and Neighbor-Joining methods. The results showed that the 1.072 base pair ND2 gene sequences generated three haplotypes, with a haplotype diversity value of 0.667 and a nucleotide diversity of 0.00249. The nucleotide base composition of the ND2 gene was dominated by A+T (52.03%) compared to G+C (47.95%). Phylogenetic tree reconstruction using both methods produced consistent topologies, in which all Megapodius cumingii samples from Poat Island formed a monophyletic clade with high bootstrap support, indicating strong and stable genetic relationships.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jihan Winarti, I Made Budiarsa, Manap Trianto, I Nengah Kundera, Mursito S Bialangi, Abdul Ashari
Antioxidant Activity Comparison of Jamu Cekok and Its Individual Herbal Components Using the DPPH Method
Jamu cekok is a traditional Indonesian herbal drink commonly consumed by children to increase appetite. It is made from a combination of several plants, including Curcuma zanthorrhiza (C. zanthorrhiza), Curcuma longa (C. longa), Zingiber officinale (Z. officinalle), and Kaemferia galanga (K. galanga). The combination of these plants potentially enhanced the antioxidant effects due to the synergism or antagonism interaction among the constituent herbs. This research aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of jamu cekok and compare it with the antioxidant activity of its individual herbal components. Methods were started with the extraction of jamu cekok using ethanol as the solvent, prepared from a 1:1:1:1 ratio of C. zanthorrhiza, C. longa, Z. officinale, and K. galanga extract. The resulting extracts were tested using a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay and phytochemical screening. Analysis revealed that jamu cekok extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. Turmeric, ginger, and galangal exhibited strong antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 96.158 ppm, 87.040 ppm, and 83.855 ppm, respectively. Curcuma showed moderate antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 112.227 ppm. Jamu cekok exhibits very strong antioxidant activity (IC50 = 46.904 ppm), surpassing the activity of its individual herbal components. The synergistic interaction among bioactive compounds, particularly alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins, is presumed to contribute to the enhanced antioxidant potential of jamu cekok. These results support its role as a natural antioxidant source and provide a scientific basis for its traditional use in health promotion.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lusi, Puji Astuti, Meri Ropiqa, Virhan Novianry
Computational Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Acalypha indica L. Phytochemicals Against Staphylococcus aureus DNA Gyrase
This study investigated the antibacterial potential of phytochemical compounds derived from Acalypha indica L. against the DNA gyrase of Staphylococcus aureus using an in silico computational approach. Phytochemical structures were collected from established compound databases and subjected to geometry optimization to ensure conformational stability before molecular docking analysis. Docking simulations were carried out using AutoDock Vina to evaluate the binding affinity and interaction profiles of each ligand with the ATP-binding domain of DNA gyrase, a critical enzyme involved in bacterial DNA replication. The three-dimensional structure of S. aureus DNA gyrase was obtained from the Protein Data Bank and prepared through removal of water molecules, addition of polar hydrogens, and refinement of active-site residues. Among the screened ligands, five compounds exhibited strong predicted affinities, with binding energies ranging from -6.8 to -9.1 kcal/mol. Compound C demonstrated the most favorable interaction, forming stable hydrogen bonds and extensive hydrophobic contacts within the catalytic pocket, suggesting a strong inhibitory potential. Compound E also showed a high affinity, although its orientation within the binding site was slightly less optimal. ADMET predictions indicated that all top candidates satisfied drug-likeness criteria, showed good absorption potential, and presented low toxicity risks. Overall, the findings highlight that Acalypha indica L. contains bioactive constituents with promising inhibitory activity against bacterial DNA gyrase. These results support the traditional use of the plant in antimicrobial applications and provide a foundation for further experimental validation through in vitro enzyme inhibition assays and in vivo studies to confirm their therapeutic relevance.
Exploring the Virulence Factors of Campylobacter jejuni Targeted by Quercetin: A Bioinformatics Approach
Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis and continues to develop resistance to commonly used antibiotics, especially fluoroquinolones, creating a need for alternative therapeutic approaches. Quercetin, a natural flavonoid, exhibits antibacterial activity by disrupting membrane stability, inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis, and reducing virulence factor expression. This study aimed to predict the interaction between quercetin and essential proteins of Campylobacter jejuni and to identify virulence-associated proteins with immunogenic potential using a bioinformatics approach. The protein–compound interaction analysis was performed using STITCH, while virulence functions were predicted using VirulentPred and VICMPred. B cell and T cell epitope predictions were conducted using the IEDB Analysis Resources, and antigenicity was evaluated using VaxiJen. The results showed that quercetin interacts with key proteins such as ATP synthase, DnaK, catalase, and oxidoreductase, which contribute to bacterial survival through energy metabolism and oxidative stress regulation. Five virulence-associated proteins were identified with strong antigenicity and immunogenic potential, with most predicted to be located on the cytoplasmic membrane. These findings suggest that quercetin may function as a multi-target antimicrobial agent that interferes with essential cellular processes while promoting immune recognition, supporting its potential as a candidate for future therapeutic development against antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter jejuni infections.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sintice Dhea Valerie, Nawan, Ysrafil
Immuno-Impaired Expression of Synaptophysin, GFAP and Nissl Substances in the Cerebral Cortex of Diabetic Wistar Rats; Evaluation of Andrographis Paniculata Effects
Diabetic hyperglycemia is associated with severe complications, including neuropathy and cognitive impairment. This study examines the neuroprotective effects of Andrographis paniculata (AP) on the cerebrum cortex of alloxan-nicotinamide-induced diabetic male Wistar rats. Thirty-five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (A–E), each with seven rats. Diabetic hyperglycemia was induced via a single intraperitoneal injection of nicotinamide (110 mg/kg) followed by alloxan (120 mg/kg). Treatment included Andrographis paniculata, metformin and a combination of both. Untreated diabetic hyperglycemia resulted in significant cerebral damage, indicated by weight loss, decreased brain weight, and neuronal degradation. Andrographis paniculata treatment provided partial neuroprotection. Metformin demonstrated significant neuroprotective effects by reducing hyperglycemia, preventing weight loss, and preserving neuronal structure. Combination therapy suggested potential synergistic effects, showing improvements in blood glucose, body weight, brain weight, cerebral morphology, and histochemistry. Increased synaptophysin expression and reduced astrocyte activation via GFAP expression were observed with combination therapy. These findings support the therapeutic potential of Andrographis paniculata, alone or combined with metformin, in managing hyperglycemic neuropathies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ismail Olasile Onanuga, Royhan Olamide Folarin, Elijah Taiwo Muniru, Ridwan Babatunde Ibrahim, Ibe Michael Usman, Ayoola Isaac Jegede, Onyemaechi Okpara Azu, Temidire Odunayo Obaya, Moses Oluwasegun Kehinde
Application of Quasi-Emulsion Solvent Diffusion for Spherical Crystallization of Atorvastatin with HPMC E50
Poor solubility and inadequate flowability of active pharmaceutical ingredients are significant challenges in developing solid oral dosage forms, particularly for BCS Class II drugs such as atorvastatin calcium. This study aimed to improve the micromeritic and dissolution properties of atorvastatin through spherical crystallization using quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion. Methanol was used as a good solvent, dichloromethane as a bridging liquid, water as a poor solvent, and HPMC E50 as a polymeric stabilizer. Spherical agglomerates were prepared and characterized for morphology (SEM); crystallinity (DSC and PXRD); chemical compatibility (FTIR); micromeritic parameters; and dissolution performance. The crystallization process transformed irregular atorvastatin crystals into smooth spherical agglomerates with significantly enhanced flow properties, as evidenced by increased flow rate and improved angle of repose, bulk density, and compressibility index. FTIR analysis confirmed no chemical interaction with HPMC, while PXRD and DSC indicated reduced crystallinity. Dissolution studies showed spherical atorvastatin exhibited superior release, reaching over 80% in 30 minutes, compared with 51% for raw atorvastatin. In conclusion, spherical crystallization effectively improved the physicochemical and micromeritic properties of atorvastatin calcium, offering a promising approach for enhancing its manufacturability and oral bioavailability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Indra Indra, Ria Marliana Tika, Winda Trisna Wulandari
Acceptability and Nutrient Profile of Cocoa Fruit Peel-Based Cookies: Exploring a Functional Food Potential
Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is a valuable agricultural commodity that can be developed into diverse products with high economic potential. This study aimed to evaluate the sensory acceptability and nutrient composition of cookies formulated with cocoa fruit peel (Theobroma cacao L.) as a functional ingredient. Cocoa peel flour and cookies were analyzed for macronutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrates, fiber) and micronutrients (minerals, vitamins, flavonoids). Sensory evaluation was conducted using a hedonic scale on color, aroma, texture, and taste among 40 semi-trained panelists. Results showed that all formulations were generally acceptable, with the 10% cocoa peel substitution achieving the highest preference. Statistical analysis indicated significant differences in color and taste (p < 0.05), while aroma and texture showed no significant variation. Nutritional analysis confirmed that cocoa peel flour and cookies contained essential nutrients, including protein (9.46-9.75%), fat (5.14-9.35%), carbohydrates (46.48-55.37%), vitamins C and E, minerals (Fe, Ca, Zn), and flavonoids, although antioxidant levels decreased after baking. These findings highlight cocoa peel’s potential as a functional food ingredient, supporting sustainable utilization of cocoa by-products.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rita Irma, Risma, Fonnie E. Hasan, Rosnah
The Effect of Cep-Cepan (Castanopsis costata) Leaf Extract Ointment on Post-Incision Wound Healing in Wistar Rats
Wound healing remains a challenge in medical practice, as available topical medications are often expensive, less effective, or associated with side effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cep-cepan (Castanopsis costata) leaf extract ointment on post-incision wound healing in Wistar rats using a post-test only control group experimental design. Cep-cepan leaf extract was obtained through maceration method using 96% ethanol, with 22% yield. This extract was then formulated into ointments with concentrations of 15%, 30%, and 45%, subsequently tested for physical stability, phytochemical content, and wound healing effectiveness. The results showed that cep-cepan leaf extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids/triterpenoids. In vivo tests on rats showed that ointments containing 30% and 45% extract significantly increased skin tensile strength and collagen density compared to the control group. The effectiveness of the 45% extract ointment was almost equivalent to gentamicin ointment as the standard group. This study indicates the potential of cep-cepan leaves as an alternative agent in wound care, providing clinical benefits at a more affordable cost and minimal side effects.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yohani Theresia, Linda Chiuman, Chrismis Novalinda Ginting, Suhartomi Suhartomi
Butterfly Species (Lepidoptera) in Forest Area of Namo Village, Kulawi District, Sigi Regency
Butterflies (Lepidoptera) are one of the insect groups that play an important role in maintaining ecosystem balance, particularly as pollinators of various flowering plants and as indicators of environmental conditions. This study aimed to identify and describe butterfly species (order: Lepidoptera) found in the forest area of Namo Village, Kulawi District, Sigi Regency. The research employed a descriptive method with an exploratory (survey) technique. Sampling was conducted at three different observation stations. Field data were collected over three days, with two sampling periods per day, from 07:00 to 11:00 and 14:00 to 17:00 local time (WITA). Samples were collected using insect nets and subsequently identified based on morphological characteristics. The results of the study revealed 27 butterfly species belonging to four major families. These families are Nymphalidae (17 species), Papilionidae (6 species), Pieridae (3 species), and Lycaenidae (1 species). The diversity analysis indicated that the family Nymphalidae had the highest number of species. Environmental factors, such as the abundance of host plants in the genus Lantana and host plants of the genus Mangivera, as well as abiotic conditions including an average temperature of 27°C, humidity of 70.33%, and light intensity of 786 cd, were strongly suspected to support the high variation in butterfly species.
Copyright (c) 2026 Uzaini Nur Rahma, Bustamin, Manap Trianto, Fatma Dhafir, Raya Agni, Abd. Rauf
Plant Lice Species (Suborder: Sternorrhyncha) on Ornamental Plants in Kampal Village and Surrounding Areas
Plant lice (Suborder: Sternorrhyncha) are important pests of ornamental plants, capable of causing physical damage and transmitting plant pathogens. These insects pose a significant threat as they can reduce growth, impair physiological functions, and even cause plant death. Their feeding activity affects leaves, stems, and flowers, thereby reducing overall plant health and aesthetic value. Understanding the diversity and host associations of these pests is essential for effective management. This study aimed to identify the species of Sternorrhyncha plant lice present on ornamental plants in Kampal Village, Parigi Moutong, Central Sulawesi. A qualitative descriptive approach was employed, using purposive sampling to collect specimens from different plant parts, including shoots, leaves, flowers, and stems. Observations were recorded and analyzed to determine species composition, host range, and infestation patterns. A total of 25 ornamental plant species belonging to 16 families were observed as host plants. Some plant families, such as Euphorbiaceae, Acanthaceae, Rubiaceae, Palmae, Rutaceae, Araceae, and Agavaceae, were infested by more than one plant louse family, while individual plant species could host multiple louse families simultaneously. Seventeen Sternorrhyncha species were identified, distributed across seven families: Pseudococcidae (6 species), Coccidae (3), Diaspididae (2), Aphididae (2), Margarodidae (2), and Aleyrodidae and Ortheziidae (1 species each). These results provide baseline data on the diversity and distribution of Sternorrhyncha plant lice in Kampal Village. Such information is critical for developing targeted pest management strategies to protect ornamental plants and maintain their health and aesthetic value in residential and cultivated areas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Delia Nurhaliza, Masrianih Masrianih, Manap Trianto, Amalia Buntu, Yulia Windarsih, Lestari M.P Alibasyah
The Effect of Bajakah Kalalawit (Uncaria gambir) Stem Extract on Spermatozoa Viability In Vitro
The prevalence process impairs sperm biochemistry and function by generating high levels of Reactive Oxygen species (ROS) and damaging sperm cells. In addition, ROS imbalance leads to decreased sperm viability, mitochondrial dysfunction, and DNA damage. The administration of Bajakah Kalalawit stem extract (Uncaria gambir (W. Hunter) Roxb.) is stated to maintain sperm quality. In vitro sperm viability tests have not been widely conducted. This study aims to determine the effect of Bajakah Kalalawit stem extract (Uncaria gambir (W. Hunter) Roxb.) on sperm viability in vitro. This research is experimental research, the type of design used is posttest only with control group design. The sample was determined by consecutive sampling and the samples taken were 15. The statistical test using LSD Post-Hoc test obtained between groups there were significant differences with p <0.05. The compounds contained in the ethanol extract of Bajakah Kalalawit stem (Uncaria gambir (W. Hunter) Roxb.) are terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins and alkaloids. Viability of spermatozoa increased significantly from the concentration of 50ng/mL with a percentage of 74.13%, 100ng/mL by 83.00%, 500ng/mL by 87.60% and 1000ng/mL by 91.27%. The ethanol extract of Bajakah Kalalawit stem (Uncaria gambir (W. Hunter) Roxb.) can affect the viability of spermatozoa in vitro.
Copyright (c) 2026 Silvani Permatasari, Fitha Nadia Artika, Septi Handayani, Ratna Widayati, Elsa Trinovita
The Effect of Dekokta Jamu Cekok on Short Term Memory of White Rats (Rattus norvegicus L.) Male Wistar Strain
The rising prevalence of dementia in Indonesia has resulted in a decline in memory and cognitive abilities. This condition is believed to be linked to oxidative stress caused by an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants. Jamu cekok, a traditional herbal remedy composed of rhizomes such as Kaempferia galanga, Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa L., and Curcuma xanthorrhiza, is known for its antioxidant properties. These antioxidants have the potential to neutralize free radicals, thereby helping to prevent degenerative diseases like dementia and Alzheimer’s, which are associated with short-term memory impairment. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of jamu cekok decoction on the short-term memory of male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus L.). A laboratory-based experimental study with a post-test-only control group design was conducted. Male Wistar rats were divided into three treatment groups receiving jamu cekok doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg BW, and a negative control group was included. Short-term memory was assessed using the Y-maze test. The highest Y-maze alternation percentage of 65.12% was observed in the treatment group receiving a dose of 400 mg/kg BW. However, statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant difference in Y-maze alternation percentages among the groups receiving jamu cekok (p = 0.626). The findings indicate that jamu cekok decoction did not have a significant effect on the short-term memory of male Wistar rats. Further studies with larger sample sizes and alternative assessment methods are recommended to explore its potential cognitive benefits.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nelli Jaliyanti, Puji Astuti, Hadi Kurniawan, Ery Hermawati, Alex Alex
Ascorbic Acid and Carotenoid Contents in Tomato Callus: Effects of Explant Source and Subculture
The production of natural compounds in tomato can be achieved through callus culture by selecting the most suitable explant. The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of explant source and culture maintenance on the growth, ascorbic acid content, and carotenoid content of tomato callus. Callus induction was carried out on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D. The resulting calli were divided into two groups: one subcultured into fresh medium and the other maintained without subculture. The study design used a completely randomized design of two factors, they were explants source (cotyledons, hypocotyls and root sprouts) and subculture treatment. The observed parameters were growth of callus, carotenoid and ascorbic acid content analized by spectrophotometer. The results showed that the highest callus weight (0.29 g) was obtained from hypocotyl explants. Subculture treatment significantly affected ascorbic acid content but did not influence carotenoid content. Callus from cotyledon explants produced the highest ascorbic acid content (15.2 g/100 g). Subculture treatment increased callus fresh weight, carotenoid content, and ascorbic acid content compared to the non-subculture treatment. In conclusion, hypocotyls were the best explant source for increasing biomass, while cotyledons were the most effective for enhancing ascorbic acid production.
Copyright (c) 2026 Imam Purwanto, Yulita Nurchayati, Erma Prihastanti
Bioinformatics Analysis of Quercetin and Morin Bioactivity from Morinda citrifolia L. Targeting Streptococcus mutans Virulence Factors In Dental Caries Cases
Dental caries remains one of the most neglected oral diseases, particularly among populations living far from healthcare services. Its pathogenesis is largely triggered by poor oral hygiene and the activity of Streptococcus mutans. The use of synthetic antimicrobial agents often leads to prolonged side effects and a higher risk of antibiotic resistance. As an alternative, Morinda citrifolia L. extract shows high potential due to its good public acceptance, minimal side effects, and proven in vitro efficacy in inhibiting S. mutans growth. This study aimed to investigate the bioactivity factors of S. mutans in relation to specific components of Morinda citrifolia L. as an alternative therapeutic agent for dental caries using a bioinformatics-based approach. A descriptive-exploratory bioinformatics method was employed using computational analysis. The bacterial FASTA sequence of Streptococcus mutans UA159 was retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database and analyzed using several software tools, including STITCH v5.0, VICMPred, VirulentPred, BepiPred v1.0, MHC I and MHC II BindingPred, and PSORTb v3.0. The analysis revealed notable interactions in bioactivity between S. mutans proteins and the phytocompounds quercetin and morin. Seven virulent proteins PknB, SMU_1806, SMU_1213c, SMU_922, SMU_906, SMU_525, and SMU_1078c, contribute to cellular process, metabolism, virulence factors, and information & storage. Five proteins were identified in the cytoplasmic membrane, one in cell wall, and also cytoplasm. Quercetin and morin demonstrated strong antibacterial potential against S. mutans through interactions with virulent proteins. PknB, SMU_906, and SMU_1078c stand out in epitope T cell analysis with high affinity, demonstrating the ability to provoke an adaptive immune system response. Location complexity of 5’-nucleotide enzyme targeted by strategic antimicrobials leads to bacterial mortality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Astrid Ekklesia Saputri, Rian Ka Praja, Agnes Frethernety, Oktaviani Naulita Turnip, Ysrafil
Bacteriological Quality of Raw Cow Milk Obtained from Fulanis Within University of Abuja Environment
Milk is a highly nutritious food that can serve as a suitable medium for microbial growth if not properly handled. This study assessed the bacteriological quality of raw cow milk obtained from Fulani herders within the University of Abuja environment with emphasis on the prevalence of bacterial species and their potential public health implications. Twenty raw milk samples were collected and analyzed using standard microbiological techniques, including serial dilution and spread plate methods for enumeration, determination of total bacterial load and total coliform count, Gram staining and biochemical identification. Five bacterial species were isolated; Bacillus spp. (34.29%), Lactobacillus spp. (28.57%), Staphylococcus aureus (17.14%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.43%) and Escherichia coli (8.57%). The total bacterial load ranged from 5.5 × 108 to 1.15 × 109 CFU/mL, while total coliform counts ranged from 3.35 × 105 to 8.40 × 105 CFU/mL. The predominance of Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus and Lactobacillus reflects the natural microbial flora of raw milk, whereas the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli indicates contamination from handlers, equipment or the environment. These findings reveal significant microbial contamination and associated public health risks linked to raw milk consumption. The study underscores the need for improved hygienic practices during milking, handling, and storage to reduce contamination and ensure consumer safety.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulgafar Omeiza Zubair, Jemilat Oyiza Zubair, Rofiat Oyine Muhammed
The Potential of Bean Extract (Phaseolus vulgaris) Based on Haemagglutination
Blood typing is a crucial procedure in healthcare,but dependence on expensive an difficult-to-acces imported reagents is a constraint, especially in 3T (underdeveloped, frontier, and othermost) areas. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of bean seed extract (Phaseolus vulgaris), as a local natural resource, to be used as an alternative reagent candidate in ABO blood group screening through in vitro haemagglutination testing. The research method involved several stages, namely the extractionof lectin from bean seed using a 0.9% physiological NaCl solution, the preparation of a 5% erythrocytre suspention form donors with blood group A, B, AB, and O and microscope agglutination tests at various extract ratios and dilution titres. Validation was performed by comparing the agglutination results with commercial anti-A and anti-B reagents. Data were analysed qualitatively descriptively and quantitatively using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn nonparametric tests. The results showed that the bean lectin extract successfully agglutinated blood group A, B, and AB erythrocytes specifically, while showing no reaction to blood group O. The strongest and most stable agglutination reaction was observed at a mixture ratio of extract and NaCl of 2:4 and 2:6. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in agglutination scores between blood group O and blood groups A, B, and AB (p < 0.05), which confirms the specificity of the lectin reaction. The validation test also showed agglutination patterns consistent with commercial reagents. In conclusion, broad bean seed extract has great potential to be developed as an economical, easily accessible, and effective natural agglutination reagent for ABO blood group screening, thus providing an innovative solution to overcome the limitations of conventional reagents in healthcare facilities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Zelizar Yarta, Jessy Gre Dini Kurnia, Shafiy Dwi Febrianto, Treticha Kaa Leramau, Cityta Putri Kwarta
Antioxidant Activity of n-Hexane Subfraction of Buas-Buas Leaf (Premna serratifolia L.) by DPPH Method
Buas-buas (Premna serratifolia L.) is a plant traditionally used as medicine and widely grown in West Kalimantan with various species. There are many benefits of buas-buas plants as medicine, one of which is as an antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to determine the percent inhibition value that describes the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, and n-hexane subfraction of buas-buas leaves. The n-hexane fraction was obtained by liquid-liquid extraction with separatory funnel from ethanol extract and the fraction was isolated by column chromatography. The antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, and subfractions C1, C2, C3, D123, and E3F123 was assessed using DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl). The results showed that ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, and subfractions C1, C2, C3, D123, and E3F123, had antioxidant activity with percent inhibition values of 57.946; 53.078; 52.652; 48.706; 49.745; 50.490; and 50.639%, respectively, which indicated that each sample had good antioxidant activity, except for subfractions C2 and C3.
Copyright (c) 2026 Darin Iftinan, Isnindar, Sri Luliana
Phytochemical Analysis and Bioactivity Evaluation of Ethanolic Exctract of Ironwood (Fagraea fragrans Roxb.) Leaves
Ironwood (Fagraea fragrans Roxb.) has been widely used by the community as a medicinal plant, as well as a cosmetic ingredient. Various parts of the ironwood plant are used for health due to the content of metabolite compounds such as alkaloids, steroids, saponins, quinones, and tannins. In an effort to determine the bioactive metabolite compounds, an analysis was carried out on the ethanol extract of Ironwood leaves using GC-MS. The analysis revealed 131 peaks, with 79 corresponding to identified compounds. Five principal dominant compounds were identified: cis-13-Octadecenoic acid, 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Erythocentaurin, and 5-Benzofuranacetic acid. Most of the metabolite compounds in Ironwood leaves exhibit bioactivity as antioxidants, antimicrobials (antibacterial, antifungal), antivirals, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiandrogens, antidiabetics, and other bioactivities. Based on the metabolite compounds and bioactivity, ironwood leaves have great potential to be developed as a source of medicinal and cosmetic ingredients.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mutiara Anggraini, Harmida Harmida, Juswardi Juswardi, Nina Tanzerina
Fermentation-Mediated Modulation of Nutraceutically Relevant Polyphenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Red Spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) Leaf Extract
Fermentation has emerged as a promising biotechnological approach to enhance the nutraceutical quality of plant-based materials through targeted modulation of bioactive compounds. This study investigated the effects of aerobic and anaerobic fermentation on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant capacity of red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) leaf extracts. Aerobic fermentation markedly enhanced the phytochemical profile, yielding a 1.87-fold increase in TPC (121.28 mg GAE/g extract) and a 1.66-fold increase in TFC (897.82 mg QE/g extract) compared with fresh leaves. These compositional improvements translated into superior functional activity, as evidenced by the lowest IC50 value (56.07 mg/L) and the highest antioxidant activity index (AAI = 0.713). In contrast, anaerobic fermentation provided limited phenolic enrichment and resulted in substantial flavonoid degradation, leading to inferior antioxidant performance. Strong correlations between polyphenolic contents and antioxidant parameters confirmed that phenolics and flavonoids are key contributors to radical scavenging activity. Overall, the findings demonstrate that aerobic fermentation is an effective, low-cost strategy to improve the nutraceutical value and antioxidant capacity of red spinach leaf extracts, highlighting its potential application in the development of functional foods and nutraceutical ingredients.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Amelia, Yovi Pranata, Arif Setiawansyah, Mauritz Pandapotan Marpaung, Fika Minata Wathan
Abundance and Distribution of Millipedes (Diplopoda) in Wera Nature Recreation Park
Millipedes (Diplopoda) play an important role in forest ecosystems, particularly in the decomposition of organic matter and the recycling of nutrients, thereby contributing to soil fertility and ecosystem stability. This study aimed to determine the abundance and distribution patterns of millipedes (Diplopoda) in Wera Nature Recreation Park, Balumpewa Village, West Dolo District, Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi. The research was designed as a quantitative descriptive study. Sampling was carried out using an exploratory survey method combined with hand collection techniques at three observation stations. These stations were selected using purposive sampling based on differences in environmental characteristics and habitat conditions. Data collection was conducted in three repetitions at two-week intervals to obtain representative data on millipede communities. In addition to species collection, measurements of physical environmental parameters were also performed, including light intensity, soil pH, air temperature, and humidity, as these factors are known to influence the presence and distribution of soil macrofauna. The results showed that six millipede species were recorded, belonging to three orders and three families. The average environmental conditions at the study site included a light intensity of 722.2 lux, soil pH of 6.8, temperature of 28.2°C, and humidity of 76.7%. These conditions indicate a habitat that is relatively less optimal for millipede populations. The species abundance index was classified as low, suggesting limited population sizes within the study area. However, the Relative Abundance Index (RAI) revealed variation among species, with two species categorized as having high relative abundance, one species moderate, and three species low. Analysis using Morisita’s Index and the Standardized Morisita Index (Ip) demonstrated that all recorded species exhibited a clumped distribution pattern. This distribution suggests that millipedes tend to concentrate in specific microhabitats that provide suitable moisture, shelter, and food resources. Overall, the findings indicate that unstable environmental conditions may restrict millipede distribution, causing them to utilize only particular microhabitats that meet their ecological requirements.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rifana Lemba, Syech Zainal, Rafiqa, Fatmah Dhafir, Masrianih, Manap Trianto
Identification of Lichen Based on Substrate in Bale Village, Tanantovea District, Donggala Regency
Lichens are associations between fungi and photosynthetic symbionts, such as algae or cyanobacteria, that form stable and specialized thallus structures. The fungi that predominantly compose the lichen body belong to the Ascomycetes, while the algal partners contribute to the overall structure. This association enhances the ability of both fungi and algae to survive in suboptimal environmental conditions because the thallus structure, physiology, and chemical synthesis of lichens differ from those of the individual fungi or algae that constitute them. Lichens are lower plants that occur in various habitats worldwide and dominate terrestrial ecosystems, covering approximately 8% of the Earth’s land surface. Globally, around 20,000 lichen species have been reported, whereas in Indonesia, 595 species or about 3% of the world’s total have been documented. This study aimed to identify lichen species based on their substrates in the Bale Village area, Tanantovea District, Donggala Regency. The sampling method used was the exploration method. Lichen samples were collected from various substrates, followed by direct macroscopic observations to identify the species obtained. Research sites were determined using purposive sampling, selected based on the environmental conditions and the diversity of substrates where lichens grow. Three locations were designated as research stations: Station 1 (residential area), Station 2 (forest and river area, partly used as a tourist site), and Station 3 (forest area and local plantations). The results of this study identified 10 lichen species belonging to 5 families and found on 3 types of substrates. Environmental parameter measurements at the research sites showed an average temperature of 27.66°C, air humidity of 66%, and light intensity of 828.66 cd. These values indicate warm, humid conditions with moderate to highlight intensity conditions generally optimal for the growth and development of lichens.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adrian, Lilies, Lestari M.P Alibasyah, Bustamin, Syech Zainal, Musdalifah Nurdin
Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds in Methanol Extracts of the Fruit and Leaves of Scaevola taccada (Geartn.) Roxb
The mangrove plant Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb is known to have potential as a source of natural bioactive compounds that act as antioxidants. The presence of antioxidant compounds can control ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) and RNS (Reactive Nitrogen Species), which trigger oxidative stress. The purpose of this study is to assess the antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoid content of methanol extracts from the fruits and leaves of Scaevola taccada originating from the coastal area of Sikara-kara Village, Mandailing Natal Regency. This study is an experimental study conducted in vitro in a laboratory. The extraction process was performed using the maceration method with 80% methanol as the solvent. Total phenolic compounds were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu method with gallic acid as the standard, while total flavonoids were measured using the aluminum chloride method with quercetin as the standard. Antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH method, with the results expressed as IC50 values. The findings indicated that the leaf extract possessed elevated concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids relative to the fruit extract, with a total phenolic content of 68.896 mg GAE/g extract and a total flavonoid content of 103.612 mg QE/g extract. The fruit extract exhibited a total phenolic value of 43.916 mg GAE/g extract and a total flavonoid value of 11.287 mg QE/g extract. Leaf extract exhibits superior antioxidant activity, evidenced by an IC50 value of 52.832 ppm, in contrast to 342.386 ppm for the fruit extract. This study shows that the leaves of Scaevola taccada have greater potential as a source of antioxidants than the fruit, thereby opening up opportunities for their use as raw materials in the production of herbal medicines.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hasbi Assidiqi Nasution, Indriaty Indriaty, Marjanah Marjanah
The Effect of Moringa oleifera Fruits Extract in Lowering Triglycerides Levels in Obesity
Obesity is a global health problem that is often accompanied by hypertriglyceridemia as a manifestation of lipid metabolism disorders. Moringa fruit contains bioactive compounds that have the potential to be a natural hypolipidemic agent. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of moringa fruit extract administration on triglyceride levels in obese model mice. An experimental study used 30 male Sprague Dawley mice divided into five groups: normal control, obesity negative control, positive control with vitamin C 15 mg/kgBB, moringa fruit extract treatment 500 mg/kgBB once daily, and moringa fruit extract treatment 500 mg/kgBB twice daily. Obesity was induced with a high-fat, high-protein feed for 49 days, followed by treatment for 14 days. Triglyceride levels were measured using the ELISA method and analyzed by the One-Way ANOVA test. The obese group showed the highest triglyceride levels (265.767 mg/dL) compared to the normal control (191.639 mg/dL). The administration of moringa fruit extract lowered the triglyceride level to 230,054 mg/dL for a once-daily dose and 212,463 mg/dL for a twice-daily dose. Statistical tests showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the twice-daily treatment group and the obesity group. Moringa fruit extract was effective in lowering triglyceride levels in obese rats, with administration twice daily showing more optimal results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Halim Arif, Tiwuk Susantiningsih, Sri Wahyuningsih, Melly Kristanti, Fajriati Zulfa
Drying's Impact on Antioxidant Compound Levels in Curcuma heyneana Valeton & Zijp. (Temu Giring)
One plant in the genus Curcuma that exhibits potential as a natural antioxidant is Curcuma heyneana Valeton & Zijp., commonly known as temu giring. This species contains phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The objective of this research was to quantify the phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as assess the antioxidant activity of fresh and dried rhizomes. The extraction methods employed were infusion and decoction. Phenolic content was measured using the colorimetric method with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, while flavonoid content was determined using the AlCl3 reagent. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the FRAP method. The highest phenolic content was observed in the oven-dried decoction extract (EDOD) at 6.258 mg GAE/g, and the highest total flavonoid content was also found in this EDOD at 2.899 mg QE/g. The most potent antioxidant activity among the test samples was exhibited by this EDOD, with a value of 12.064 mol FeEAC/g. The results indicate that higher drying temperatures correlate with increased phenolic and flavonoid levels in the temu giring rhizome, consequently influencing the antioxidant activity in the sample.
Copyright (c) 2026 Agustin Yumita, Ni Putu Ermi Hikmawanti, Heksa Mu’adah, Endang Hanani