Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH
<p><em>Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry</em> is an open access, peer-reviewed journal, published to attract and disseminate innovative and expert findings in the fields of plant, animal, and microorganism secondary metabolite, and also the effect of natural product on biological system as a reference source for researchers in these fields, and with the aim to set international standards in their methodology.</p><p><em>Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry</em> is published twice a year, in April and October. Starting from Volume 10 Number 1 2021, all manuscripts will be published online as soon as the revision is approved (no time constraints). This journal is published by the Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity.<br /><br />Scientific feedback (short communication) is only received for manuscript, which criticize published article before. Manuscripts will be reviewed by managing editor and invited peer review according to their disciplines. The only articles written in English (U.S. English) are accepted for publication. Communications can be addressed to the Support Contact for accelerating evaluation. A letter of statement expressing that the author(s) is responsible for the original content of manuscript, the result for author(s)'s research and never been published must be attached.</p>Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversityen-USBiology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry2089-6514<div class="WordSection1"><p>Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:<br /><br /></p><ul><li>Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</a> that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.</li></ul><ul><li>Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.</li></ul><ul><li>Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.</li></ul></div>Assessment of Sensorimotor Behaviour in Konzo-Induced Rats Using the Irvine, Beattie Bresnahan Forelimb Scale
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/388
<p>Konzo is a neurological disorder of selective upper motor neurons. It is an irreversible paralytic disease associated with prolonged consumption of Cassava. It contains cyanogenic glycosides metabolized to hydrogen cyanide, which has been shown by studies to affect the motor neurons of the central nervous system. The Irvine, Beattie Bresnahan (IBB) scale is a recently developed forelimb scale for the assessment of fine control of the forelimb and digits after cervical spinal cord injury such as Konzo. 20 Adult male Wistar rats were assigned to 4 experimental groups (i) control n=5, (ii) konzo-induced group n=5, (iii) induced + Complan n=5 (iv) Induced + Bambara Nut (Okpa). The bitter cassava foods were taken by oral ingestion for a period of 4 weeks. The assessment of the forelimb and digits were done using the Irvine, Beattie Bresnahan (IBB) with specific parameters such as Predominant Elbow Joint movement, Contact Volar Support, and Grasping method. The body weight of the animals was also recorded every week. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA. The result obtained showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the body weight of the animals induced with Konzo and rehabilitated with Complan milk and Bambara nut when compared to the unrehabilitated Konzo-induced group. There were differences in the results of the parameters being tested for the Irvine, Beattie Bresnahan (IBB) scaling. The IBB scale confirmed that there was a high level of cyanide content in the cassava which affected the behavioral attributes of the induced group and it also confirmed that the induced group can be ameliorated with the use of Complan and Bambara Nut (Okpa) which was shown in the parameters being tested such as Predominant Elbow Joint movement, Contact Volar Support, and Grasping method. It was concluded that insufficiently processed bitter cassava is toxic and has neurotoxicity effects on the Spinal Cord especially on the upper motor neurons and IBB scale is capable of measuring gradual improvements in motor forelimb functions in this model and may be a new and effective assessment tool for peripheral nerve injury.</p>Lekpa Kingdom DavidPrecious Ojo UahomoVictor Hogan IdungRachael Data Dakoru
Copyright (c) 2023 Lekpa Kingdom David, Precious Ojo Uahomo, Victor Hogan Idung, Rachael Data Dakoru
2023-08-122023-08-1212243143510.14421/biomedich.2023.122.431-435Chemical Properties of Liquid Broth Extracted from Freshwater and Marine Shrimp Shells Waste
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/377
Esa Ghanim FadhallahDyah KoesoemawardaniLathifa Indraningtyas
Copyright (c) 2023 Esa Ghanim Fadhallah, Dyah Koesoemawardani, Lathifa Indraningtyas
2023-08-122023-08-1212243744010.14421/biomedich.2023.122.437-440Alkaloids Lead to Potential Inhibition of the Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase to Attenuate Tuberculosis; an in-silico Analysis
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/396
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection that mostly affects the lungs. <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> causes tuberculosis infection, leading to granulomatous lesions in affected lung tissue. It is one of the most prevalent and deadly infectious diseases among the under developed countries. This study aims to investigate the possible inhibition of the acyl carrier protein reductase for preventing tuberculosis by well-known alkaloids, thereby reducing <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em> growth in the lungs and thereby reducing the incidence of latent and active TB. About five natural alkaloids were subjected to the molecular docking analysis, which produced favorable findings in terms of best pose and binding energies of these compounds towards the active residues of mycobacterial ACP reductase, with values ranging from -10 kcal/mol to -9.1 kcal/mol. The molecular dynamics simulation produced similar encouraging results. All of the prospective alkaloid compounds were subjected to an <em>in-silico</em> toxicity investigation, which determined that every compound was safe and non-toxic. Further studies may be necessary for effective formulation development employing these compounds as part of the process of drug discovery and development. The findings from this study may be helpful in the development of the novel nanoformulations using natural products for pharmacotherapy of tuberculosis infection.Pernia KamranAhsan Ibrahim
Copyright (c) 2023 Pernia Kamran, Ahsan Ibrahim
2023-08-142023-08-1412244145010.14421/biomedich.2023.122.441-450Bio-larvicidal Potential of Betel Leaves (Piper betle L) Ethanolic Extract in Addition of PEG 400 Diluent on Aedes aegypti Larvae
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/349
Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a kind of vector transmitted disease, by <em>Aedes aegypti</em>. It is one of major public health problem around the world, including Indonesia, because it may lead to epidemics and death in a short time. The use of plant extracts as bio-larvicidal is thought to be a promising solution, and one of them is the betel leaves (<em>Piper betle</em> L). The addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a diluent is thought may increase the dispersity of plant extract in the water which is larval medium of growth. Objectives: To determine the bio-larvicidal potential of 95% ethanolic extract of betel leaves (EEBL) in addition of PEG 400 diluent on the <em>Aedes aegypti</em> larval mortality. Material and Method: Betel leaves were extracted by maceration using 95% of ethanol. There are two kinds of EEBL concentration used, 0.2% dan 0.4%. PEG 400 was also added as diluent. The samples in this study were <em>Aedes aegypti</em> larvae at instar III-IV, with a total of 400 larvae. Evaluation was performed at 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours. The data obtained was then analyzed by Kruskall Wallis test and post-hoc Mann Whitney test. Result: In all of treatment groups, larval mortality was reached 100% at 24 hours. From the Kruskall Wallis test, p-value obtained was <0.05. From post-hoc Mann Whitney test, the p-value obtained in the comparation between treatment groups and positive control group was >0.05, and the p-value obtained in the comparation between treatment groups and negative control group was <0.05. Conclusion: EEBL in addition of PEG 400 diluent is potential as bio-larvicidal on <em>Aedes aegypti</em> larvae. It is also known that EEBL at concentration of 0.2% and 0.4% in addition of PEG 400 are as effective as temephos as larvicides on <em>Aedes aegypti</em> larvae.Listiana Masyita DewiHilda Zaniba AriffahRiandini AisyahNurhayani Nurhayani
Copyright (c) 2023 Listiana Masyita Dewi, Hilda Zaniba Ariffah, Riandini Aisyah, Nurhayani Nurhayani
2023-08-152023-08-1512245145510.14421/biomedich.2023.122.451-455Proximate and Mineral Composition of Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and Atlantic Horse Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus)
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/372
Joseph Adaviruku SanniGrace Omayoza SanniRufus Ranmilowo AwoniyiRemi OsanyinlusiYvonne Ego Richards
Copyright (c) 2023 Joseph Adaviruku Sanni, Grace Omayoza Sanni, Rufus Ranmilowo Awoniyi, Remi Osanyinlusi, Yvonne Ego Richards
2023-08-152023-08-1512245746110.14421/biomedich.2023.122.457-461Identification of Medicinal Plants and Their Utilization by Community in Kendal Village, Kendal Sub-district
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/379
<p>Traditional medicine is a cultural heritage from ancestors deeply rooted in the nation's heritage; therefore, its use is still based on spoken and written experience from generation to generation. Even though most people have turned to modern medicine, some still use these medicinal plants as ingredients for medicine, food, and other processed consumption. This study aims to identify the types of medicinal plants found in Kendal village and how to use them, obtain them, and then transform them into effective medications. This study employs qualitative descriptive methodologies. Observation and interviews are employed to collect data. Based on the results of community interviews, it was determined that many Kendal village residents continue to use plants to treat various diseases. The plant parts utilized are rhizomes, leaves, and stems. This medicinal plant has various uses, ranging from direct consumption to boiling.</p>Aghnia Rahmi HanumErna Wijayanti
Copyright (c) 2023 Aghnia Rahmi Hanum, Erna Wijayanti
2023-08-152023-08-1512246346610.14421/biomedich.2023.122.463-466Identification of Primary and Secondary Metabolites of Apis cerana Honey using FTIR-ATR Diamond Spectroscopy and Their Botanical Origin
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/354
<p><em>Apis cerana</em> Fab. is one of the popular honeybees species among beekeepers in Indonesia. This species is easy to care for and produces valuable honey products. Honey from <em>A. cerana</em> is abundantly available in traditional and modern markets in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to identify the primary and secondary metabolites in the honey produced by A.<em> cerana</em> using FTIR-ATR Diamond spectroscopy. Twelve samples of honey from three provinces in Java Island were used in this study. In general, all honey samples contained protein, carbohydrate, water, alcohol, cellulose, alkaloid, tannin, and flavonoid. Variation on primary and secondary metabolites in honey samples was strongly affected by the botanical origin, geographical origin, and the local condition around beekeeping areas where the honeycombs were placed.</p>Tiffany Hanik LestariRatna Susandarini
Copyright (c) 2023 Tiffany Hanik Lestari, Ratna Susandarini
2023-08-212023-08-2112246747510.14421/biomedich.2023.122.467-475Nephroprotective Activities of Ethanol Root Extract and Fractions of Hippocratea africana Against Doxorubicin-Induced Kidney Toxicity
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/375
<em>Hippocratea africana </em>root used locally in the treatment of poisoning was investigated to confirm its antidotal potential in rats. The root extract (200-600 mg/kg) and fractions; dichloromethane (DCM) and aqueous, 400 mg/kg) were evaluated for nephroprotective activity against doxorubicin-induced kidney injury in rats. Kidney function parameters, kidney oxidative stress markers and kidney histology were used to assess the kidney protective effect of the extract. The root extract and fractions (200-600 mg/kg) significantly (p<0.05-0.01) reduced the levels of creatinine, urea and electrolytes that were elevated by doxorubicin. Also, the MDA level elevated by doxorubicin was reduced by the extract and fractions co-administration, while the levels of GSH, GST, SOD, GPx, and CAT that were decreased by doxorubicin were significantly (p<0.01) elevated by the root extract/fractions. Histology of the kidney sections of extract/fractions -treated animals showed reductions in the pathological features compared to the organotoxic-treated animals. The chemical pathological changes were consistent with histopathological observations suggesting marked nephroprotective potential. The anti-toxic effect of this plant may in part be mediated through the chemical constituents of the plant. The plant, <em>Hippocratea africana</em> possesses anti-toxicant properties which can be exploited in the treatment of doxorubicin related toxicities.Kufre U. NoahJohn A. UdobangJude E. OkokonMartin O. AnagbosoNwakaego Omonigho Ebong
Copyright (c) 2023 Kufre U. Noah, John A. Udobang, Jude E. Okokon, Martin O. Anagboso, Nwakaego Omonigho Ebong
2023-08-232023-08-2312247748410.14421/biomedich.2023.122.477-484Determination of Oil Quality and Antifungal Effect of Selected Citronella Accessions (Cymbopogon nardus, Cymbopogon winterianus) to Formulate an Anti-Dandruff Shampoo
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/351
Rathnayaka Mudiyanselage Nipuni WijerathnaAchini Anuradha WijeweeraAnushi Madushani WijethungaMapa Mudiyanselage Sumudu Tharangani Mapa
Copyright (c) 2023 Rathnayaka Mudiyanselage Nipuni Wijerathna, Achini Anuradha Wijeweera, Anushi Madushani Wijethunga, Mapa Mudiyanselage Sumudu Tharangani Mapa
2023-08-232023-08-2312248549810.14421/biomedich.2023.122.485-498Phytochemicals and Larvicidal Activity of Sonneratia alba Root Extracts from Ngurah Rai Mangrove Forest, Denpasar-Bali
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/348
Dengue is an endemic disease with a high incidence in almost all Southeast Asian countries, including Indonesia. This infectious disease is caused by a virus transmitted by the bite of <em>Aedes aegypti</em> mosquito as the main vector. Effective mosquito vector control is a crucial step in stopping the spread of this virus. Of the several methods available, the use of larvicides is considered one of the most successful treatments in reducing the number of mosquito vectors. However, widely used synthetic larvicides can have undesirable side effects on the environment and non-target organisms including human health. The aim of this study was to discover a new biolarvicide from natural materials that is relatively safer. In this study, the biolarvicidal activity of mangrove plant species that are commonly found in Ngurah Rai Mangrove Forest Bali was tested, namely <em>Sonneratia alba</em>. Mangrove root simplicia was extracted by reflux method using three different solvents namely methanol, chloroform, and n-hexane. The content of compounds in the extract were analyzed using GC/MS method. The larvicidal activity of the extracts were tested on <em>A. aegypti</em> instar III/IV larvae with concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 ppm for 24 hours. Subsequently, the average value of larval mortality was used to calculate the LC50 of each extract. The results showed that <em>S. alba</em> methanol extract provided the best larvicidal activity compared to chloroform and n-hexane extracts, with mortality of 69.33% at a concentration of 1000 ppm and LC50 of 1265 ppm. GC-MS analysis showed that the methanol extract of <em>S. alba</em> contained five dominant compounds namely Methyl 2-hydroxy-eicosanoate (19.55%); 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 3,5-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy (16.48%); 4-((1E)-3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxyphenol (10.06%); Benzamide, N-[4-(2-naphtyl)-2-thiazolyl]- (9.40%); and 2,3-Dihydro-3,5-bis(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-inden-1-one (6.52%). The results of this study provide a preliminary result on larvicide activity from mangrove <em>S. alba</em> in order to develop bio larvicides from nature which is safer for human health and environment.Made Dharmesti WijayaAnak Agung Gede IndraningratI Gede Yoga Ayuning Kirtanayasa
Copyright (c) 2023 Made Dharmesti Wijaya, Anak Agung Gede Indraningrat, I Gede Yoga Ayuning Kirtanayasa
2023-09-092023-09-0912249950510.14421/biomedich.2023.122.499-505Liver Protection Effect of Red Rose Petal Methanol Extract in Copper-Induced Liver Injury in Male Wistar Rats
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/395
<p>The human body requires low amounts of copper to maintain homeostasis, but high copper intake can cause various health problems. Many previous studies have been performed to look for natural products that can neutralize the excessive copper effect; one such natural product is a rose petal. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the liver protection effect of rose petals in copper-induced liver injury in male Wistar rats. This experimental study used thirty male Wistar rats that were grouped into five groups, including control, standard (quercetin), Rose Petal Methanol Extract-1 (400 mg/kg BW), 2 (800 mg/kg BW), and 3 (1,200 mg/kg BW). All groups were treated for 14 days, and all rats were given copper (II) sulfate suspension for the last three days. On the fifteenth day, all rats were sacrificed to obtain blood and liver tissue SGOT, SGPT, and liver histology study. The results showed that rose petal methanol extract significantly decreased SGOT and SGPT levels compared to the control group (P-value <0.05). The reduced area of ballooning degeneration and necrosis were in line with the increased dose of rose petal extract supported the liver protection effect of rose petal extract. Therefore, it can be concluded that rose petal methanol extract protects the liver against copper impacts.</p>Caroline Febrina HutagalungErmi GirsangMaya Sari MutiaSuhartina SuhartinaOliviti Natali
Copyright (c) 2023 Caroline Febrina Hutagalung, Ermi Girsang, Maya Sari Mutia, Suhartina Suhartina, Oliviti Natali
2023-09-132023-09-1312250751310.14421/biomedich.2023.122.507-513Targeting H3N2 Influenza Virus RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase by Using Bioactives from Essential Oils from Eucalyptus polybrachtea, Cymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon khasianus
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/353
<p>A dramatic surge of H3N2 influenza virus is of grave concern worldwide and particularly in India. H3N2 cause acute respiratory infection, however, a few drugs are available for its mitigation. Subsequently, researchers have been involved in efforts to discover novel antiviral mechanisms that can lay the basis for new anti-influenza drugs. Influenza virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) is a multi-functional hetero-trimer, implicated in the production of viral mRNA, hence plays a major role in viral infectivity thus directly associated with survival of the virus. RdRP have been cited as anappropriate target for therapeutic drug design. In the present study molecular docking was designed to estimate the effect of potent bioactive moleculesfrom essential oils from <em>Eucalyptus polybrachtea</em> (eucalyptus oil, EO), <em>Cymbopogon citratus</em> (lemon grass essential oil, LEO) and <em>Cymbopogon khasianus</em><strong> (</strong>palmarosa essential oil<strong>, </strong>PEO<strong>) </strong>against RdRP protein. GC-FID (<em>gas chromatography </em>with flame-ionization detection) based composition profile, and <em>in-silico</em> docking study was conducted by using CB-dock 2 analysis followed by 2D interactions. GC-FID revealed eucalyptol, geranial and geraniolas major phytocompounds in EO, LEO and PEO respectively. The docking score indicated effective binding of ligands to RdRP. Interactions results indicated that, RdRP/ligand complexes form hydrogen, van der waals forces, pi-alkyl, alkyl, and pi-Sigma interactions. Based on above findings of aroma profile and docking, therefore, it was recommended that essential oils from above mentioned aromatic cropsmay represent potential herbal treatment to mitigate H3N2 infections.</p>Arun Dev SharmaInderjeet Kaur
Copyright (c) 2023 Arun Dev Sharma, Inderjeet Kaur
2023-09-152023-09-1512251552410.14421/biomedich.2023.122.515-524In Silico BCell Epitope Design of Zika Virus Vaccine Using “Zika Virus Isolate Zika Virus/H sapiensTc/Tha/2006/CVD_06020 Complete Genome”
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/365
<p class="jbd-abs-gb-tab9">ZIKV has been found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brains of adults infected with viruses that manifest neurological disorders. ZIKV is a mosquito-borne single-stranded RNA virus, which belongs to the family Flaviviridae. The efforts of the scientific community have rapidly increased knowledge about this virus. However, understanding the complexities of ZIKV infection, transmission and pathogenesis remains an urgent challenge. Therefore, it is critical to study competent vectors and natural reservoirs for ZIKV, viral genetic diversity and flavivirus coinfection. Due to the great challenges to develop a ZIKV vaccine, it is still not possible to be immunized against ZIKV infection and related pathologies. The methods are nucleotide search for the Zika virus was carried out in silico, using the NCBI bioinformatics application by providing access to biomedical and genomic information. /H. sapiens-tc/THA/2006/CVD_06-020, the complete genome was then searched for FASTA, then prediction of vaccine epitope using the IEDB. The vaccine candidate peptides were analyzed for their antigenicity using VaxiJen. Proteins were classified by AllerTop to known allergenicity, then ToxinPred to predict and design toxic/non-toxic peptides. There are 30 peptide sequences are predicted to be a candidate of peptides B-cell epitope zika virus vaccine design using “zika virus isolate zika virus/H. sapiens-tc/THA/2006/CVD_06-020, complete genome”.</p>Lisa SavitriSyntia Tanu JuwitaEster Lianawati AntoroIda Septika WulansariDatin An Nisa SukmawatiJoão Gregório FreitasAndre Mario Sequeira Alves Ornai
Copyright (c) 2023 Lisa Savitri, Syntia Tanu Juwita, Ester Lianawati Antoro, Ida Septika Wulansari, Datin An Nisa Sukmawati, João Gregório Freitas, Andre Mario Sequeira Alves Ornai
2023-09-152023-09-1512252553110.14421/biomedich.2023.122.525-531Antioxidant Activity Test (DPPH) and Cytotoxicity of Jengkol Peel Ethanol Extract (Pithecellobium jiringa) on Shrimp Larvae (Artemia salina Leach)
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/370
<p>This study aims to determine the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the ethanol extract of jengkol peel (<em>Pithecellobium jiringa</em>). Jengkol peel ethanol extract (<em>Pithecellobium jiringa</em>) was obtained by maceration using 70% ethanol as a solvent. In the phytochemical screening test it was found that chemical compounds contained in jengkol peel (<em>Pithecellobium jiringa</em>) including alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. The antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract was tested using the 35 ppm DPPH method. The test results on the ethanol extract showed moderate antioxidant activity with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 209.45 µg/mL. The cytotoxic activity of the ethanol extract was tested by the BSLT method using shrimp larvae (<em>Artemia salina</em> L.). The results showed that the ethanol extract of jengkol peel (<em>Pithecellobium jiringa</em>) has cytotoxic activity with LC<sub>50</sub> value minimum of 17.875 mg/L and LC<sub>50 </sub>a maximum of 360.714 mg/L with an average of 180.136 mg/L.</p>Glen Arya WibowoTika AfrianiAzimatur Rahmi
Copyright (c) 2023 Glen Arya Wibowo, Tika Afriani, Azimatur Rahmi
2023-09-202023-09-2012253353710.14421/biomedich.2023.122.533-537Standardization of Golden Sea Cucumber (Stichopus hermanii) Extracts from Pelapis Island, Kayong Regency, West Kalimantan
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/389
<em>Stichopus hermanii</em> can be used as a medicinal material, a source of animal protein, and wound healing medicine products. Extracts as raw materials for products must go through a standardization process to ensure pharmaceutical reproducibility, a therapeutic quality, and to ensure a consistent and uniform final composition. The purpose of this research was to determine the test results of the standardization parameters of <em>Stichopus hermanii</em> extract from Pelapis Island, West Kalimantan as raw material for wound healing herbal medicinal preparations. Preparation of extracts using the maceration method with 96% ethanol. The extract was standardized with specific parameters, including organoleptic, water and ethanol soluble content, phytochemical screening, and protein content, and non-specific parameters, including drying shrinkage, water content, ash content, and acid insoluble ash content. The test results obtained were a water-soluble content of 61.89%, ethanol-soluble content of 41.81%, protein content of 7.62%, drying shrinkage of 38.81%, water content of 20.58%, ash content of 37.95%, and acid insoluble ash content of 2.07%.Rusmini RusminiWintari TaurinaMohamad Andrie
Copyright (c) 2023 Rusmini Rusmini, Wintari Taurina, Mohamad Andrie
2023-09-202023-09-2012253954510.14421/biomedich.2023.122.539-545Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Pteridium acquilinium and Newbouldia laevis Leaves Exhibited Antioxidant Activities and Inhibitory Potential Against Selected Clinical Bacteria Isolates
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/364
<p>Endophytic fungi are important components of plant micro-ecosystems and they exist usually inside the healthy tissues of living plants. Endophytes possess encouraging source of biologically active metabolites for pharmaceutical applications. This study isolated endophytic fungi from <em>Pteridium acquilinium</em> and <em>Newbouldia laevis</em> leaves and evaluated their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. A total of ten endophytic fungal species were isolated from the leaves of the plants, from which six were selected and identified, including; <em>Epicoccum thailandicum</em>; <em>Trichoderma atroviride</em>; <em>Lasiodiplodia parva</em>; <em>Trichoderma yunnanense</em>; <em>Colletotrichum cobbittiense</em>; and, <em>Trichoderma crissum</em>. Among the isolated fungi, <em>Trichoderma crissum</em> (266.2956 ± 84.84 µg/ml) and <em>Lasiodiplodia parva</em> (293.0755 ± 64.95 µg/ml) showed significant scavenging activity on comparison with ascorbic acid. Furthermore, the isolated endophytes showed potential antibacterial activity against the tested clinical pathogens. This study validates that endophytic fungi dwelling in the inner tissue of medicinal plants studied could be a potential source of biologically active metabolites with free radical scavenging activities and also for treatment of infectious diseases caused by <em>Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa </em>and <em>Escherichia coli</em>.</p>Obinna AjahChika Cecilia UnegbuEmmanuel N UzohuoOgechi Ozioma AnyanwuUgochukwu Moses OkezieChioma AnyanwuRich Joseph
Copyright (c) 2023 Obinna Ajah, Chika Cecilia Unegbu, Emmanuel N Uzohuo, Ogechi Ozioma Anyanwu, Ugochukwu Moses Okezie, Chioma Anyanwu, Rich Joseph
2023-09-202023-09-2012254755310.14421/biomedich.2023.122.547-553The Correlation Between Widal Diagnostic Test, Total Leukocyte Count, and Platelet Count in Suspected Typhoid Fever Patients at RS Aura Syifa Kediri
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/398
<p>Typhoid fever is an acute systemic infectious disease that is related to poor personal hygiene and environmental sanitation. The diagnosis of typhoid fever is established through laboratory examinations, including serological, hematological, and bacteriological tests. This research aims to determine the correlation between the Widal diagnostic test and the total leukocyte count and platelet count in suspected typhoid fever patients at RS Aura Syifa Kediri. The study design used in this research is quantitative descriptive analysis with a cross-sectional approach. The data was collected retrospectively from secondary sources, specifically medical records of patients from August 1, 2021, to March 31, 2022, at RS Aura Syifa Kediri. The total population comprised 157 patients, and a purposive sampling method was used to select 41 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The statistical analysis using the Spearman correlation test resulted in p-values ≥ α = 0.05 for the following correlations: Widal test O with leukocytes (0.538 ≥ 0.05), Widal test H with leukocytes (0.915 ≥ 0.05), Widal test O with platelets (0.476 ≥ 0.05), and Widal test H with platelets (0.965 ≥ 0.05). These findings indicate that there is no significant correlation between the Widal test O and H with the platelet count in patients with typhoid fever. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no significant relationship between the Widal test O and H results and the platelet count in typhoid fever patients.</p>Novi LovianaLisa SavitriRochmad KrissanjayaElfred Rinaldo Kasimo
Copyright (c) 2023 Novi Loviana, Lisa Savitri, Rochmad Krissanjaya, Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo
2023-09-222023-09-2212255555810.14421/biomedich.2023.122.555-558The Potential of a Sumbawa Herbal Oil-Based Oleogel as Burn Wound Dressing
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/393
This study aimed to innovate the current Sumbawa oil preparation which is still in the form of liquid into an oleogel so that it is easier to apply and more practical for distribution and storage. Phytochemical analysis of Sumbawa oil showed the contents of phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids. By adding hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) as a gelling agent and glycerin as a humectant, Sumbawa oil can be served in the form of an oleogel. The pH measurement of the Sumbawa oil oleogel at levels of 90%, 95%, and 100% ranged from 7.0–7.3 which is the ideal acidity level for the wound healing process. In the antimicrobial activity test with S. aureus and E. coli, the zone of inhibition ranged from 12.1–14.7 mm which is considered strong. Meanwhile, in in vitro testing of the anti-inflammatory activity using the human red blood cell membrane stabilization method, the stability level of each was obtained to be 78% for 100% Sumbawa oil, 74% for oleogel with 95% Sumbawa oil, and 73% for oleogel with 90% Sumbawa oil. The oleogel morphology observation using a scanning electron microscope showed a good gelation process at 5% and 10% HEC levels.Andi Irma YuniarNurul Wahidah YasidSyarifah Fatimah NissatuljannahSyamsu RijalArmanto Makmun
Copyright (c) 2023 Andi Irma Yuniar, Nurul Wahidah Yasid, Syarifah Fatimah Nissatuljannah, Armanto Makmun, Syamsu Rijal
2023-09-252023-09-2512255956210.14421/biomedich.2023.122.559-562Study of Physical, Chemical, and Organoleptic Properties of Functional Drink Turkey Berry (Solanum torvum swartz) with the Addition of Butterfly Pea Flower (Clitoria ternatea linn) and Emprit Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Amarum)
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/378
<p>Turkey berry (Solanum torvum Swartz) is a wild plant often found in Indonesia and its usage is still limited. Turkey berry has a high potential as a source of antioxidants, which can be consumed as a functional drink. Ginger and butterfly pea flowers were selected as additional ingredients in composite drinks to enhance the quality of the functional drink in terms of function and sensory characteristics. This study aimed to determine the effects of variations in the concentration of turkey berry, butterfly pea flower, and ginger on the physical, chemical, and organoleptic characteristics. The design method used a Simple Randomized Block Design with four treatment combinations to be analyzed in three repetitions. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine the effects of the treatment. The results showed that turkey berry, in combination with ginger and butterfly pea flower, had a significant effect on the physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics, including pH, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidants, color, aroma, taste, and preference.</p>Rista AnggrianiNina Nurazizah Purnomo PutriVritta Amroini Wahyudi
Copyright (c) 2023 Rista Anggriani, Nina Nurazizah Purnomo Putri, Vritta Amroini Wahyudi
2023-09-252023-09-2512256357510.14421/biomedich.2023.122.563-575Analgesic and Antipyretic Activity of Sweet Orange Peel Methanol Extract
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/392
<p>An analgesic-antipyretic drug widely used is paracetamol, which has various health benefits and several adverse effects. Therefore, various natural products have been extensively studied as alternative analgesic-antipyretics, one of which is sweet orange peel. This study aimed to investigate sweet orange peel's analgesic and antipyretic activity by in vivo methods. This experimental study evaluated the analgesic and antipyretic effects of sweet orange peel extract extracted by the maceration method. The analgesic effect was evaluated by tail immersion (Maximum Possible Analgesia) and acetic acid-induced writhing method (total abdominal writhing). Meanwhile, the antipyretic effect was evaluated by the brewer yeast-induced hyperpyrexia (body temperature) method. This study showed that sweet orange peel methanol extract significantly increased the maximum possible analgesia value (132.79%) and reduced the number of abdominal writhing (44.05%) at the highest dose of 750 mg/kg BW. It indicated analgesic activity from sweet orange peels. Meanwhile, the antipyretic effect of sweet orange peel methanol extract was observed from 1-4 hours after administration, and the highest percentage inhibition of body temperature 4 hours after administration was found in a moderate dose, that was 5.98% (P value: 0.042). Therefore, it can be concluded that sweet orange peel methanol extract has analgesic and antipyretic effects with an optimal dose range of 500-750 mg/kg BW.</p>Elsa Debora SilalahiI Nyoman Ehrich ListerEdy Fachrial
Copyright (c) 2023 Elsa Debora Silalahi, I Nyoman Ehrich Lister, Edy Fachrial
2023-10-052023-10-0512257758410.14421/biomedich.2023.122.577-584In silico Study on Structural Inhibition of Bacterial DNA Gyrase by Major Secondary Metabolites Found in Grape Seed Extract
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/399
In the early 20th century, during the era of investigating and identifying essential “vitamins”, scientific research focused on grape seed extracts and their bioactive components, particularly polyphenols. Extensive studies have demonstrated that grape seed extract, rich in proanthocyanidins, offers protection against a wide spectrum of diseases, encompassing inflammation, cardiac ailments, peptic ulcers, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, and microbial infections. To explore potential secondary metabolites within grape seed extract that could serve as structural inhibitors of bacterial DNA Gyrase, molecular docking studies were performed. The docking results revealed that two phytochemicals, namely (-)-catechin and Procyanidin-B2, exhibited the highest potency in inhibiting DNA gyrase subunit B. Subsequent in silico physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameter predictions were conducted using specialized web servers for the examined phytochemicals. Notably, (-)-catechin displayed superior inhibitory and ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) characteristics, suggesting its potential for utilization in synthesizing novel antibacterial compounds.Haritha LawanHashitha Tharakee
Copyright (c) 2023 Haritha Lawan, Hashitha Tharakee
2023-11-072023-11-0712258559210.14421/biomedich.2023.122.585-592Quercetin Bioavailability Evaluation on Standardized Herbal Medicine Containing Guava Leaf Extract with HPLC
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/386
Standardized herbal medicines are classified as one of Indonesia's natural medicine ingredients in addition to herbal medicine and phytopharmaceuticals. The safety and efficacy of standardized herbal medicines are scientifically proven through preclinical trials, and raw materials and products have been standardized. One includes standardized herbal medicines is diapet, psidii, lelap, fitolac, and glucogarp. To determine the bioavailability of standardized herbal products containing guava leaf extract (<em>Psidium guajava</em> L.). which uses single and combined natural materials. The method used is experimental with a crossover design. Blood samples are taken from the marginalis vein of the rabbit ear at 0.5 hours; 1; 2; 4; and 6. The level of quercetin in the blood is determined by the reverse-phase HPLC method. The mobile phase used is methanol:aquabidest (59:41,v/v), stationary phase octadecyl silica (C18), flow rate 1 mL/min, UV-Vis detector 370 nm, and injection volume 20 ?L. The value of bioavailability parameters obtained in the parameters Cpmax, Tmax, and AUC of product A is 1.486454 ?g / ml; 1.4 hours and 10.2615291 ?g/ml/h, product B is 1.29224019 ?g/ml; 1.5 hours and 11.30810501 ?g/ml/hour. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the bioavailability profile of the two products is not much different, so it is expected that the effects caused are the same.Rizky YulionYulianis YulianisSuntri Suntri
Copyright (c) 2023 Rizky Yulion, Yulianis Yulianis, Suntri Suntri
2023-11-072023-11-0712259359910.14421/biomedich.2023.122.593-599In Vitro Anti-inflammatory Activity of Bamboo Tali Leaf (Gigantochloa apus) Ethanol Extract
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/394
<p>Inflammation is a physiological process that serves as a defense mechanism for the body against foreign substances, bacteria, or irritants. Inflammation can be cured with anti-inflammatory drugs. One of the plants that has the potential to be an anti-inflammatory agent is the bamboo leaf. This research aims to analyze the content of secondary metabolites, determine the inhibition value and IC<sub>50</sub> value of the anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol extract of bamboo tali leaves. Bamboo tali leaves were macerated using 96% ethanol and subjected to phytochemical screening. The extract was then tested for anti-inflammatory activity in vitro with the Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) protein denaturation inhibition method. Bamboo tali leaf ethanol extract contains flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and phenols. The anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol extract of bamboo tali leaves with concentrations of 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84 ppm had an inhibition percentage value of 23.14 ± 0.008%; 34.30 0.026%; 54.51 0.060%; 69.07 ± 0.006%; and 87.02 ± 0.021% with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 52.991 ppm. These results indicate that the ethanol extract of bamboo tali leaves has the potential to be an anti-inflammatory with a strong IC<sub>50</sub> value below 100 ppm.</p>Nurul HidayahMutista Hafshah
Copyright (c) 2023 Nurul Hidayah, Mutista Hafshah
2023-11-072023-11-0712260160610.14421/biomedich.2023.122.601-606Prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae Producing Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) in Broiler Meat (Gallus domesticus) Sold in Regional Markets of West Surabaya
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/403
Broiler meat is a foodstuff that is easily damaged by bacterial growth. Several pathogenic bacteria from the <em>Enterobacteriaceae</em> family have also been found as contaminants in chicken meat. While <em>Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases</em> (ESBL) are enzymes that have the ability to hydrolyze antibiotics of the penicillin class, first, second, and third generation <em>cephalosporins</em> as well as the <em>monobactam</em> group. Based on this phenomenon, the researchers wanted to examine the prevalence of the ESBL-producing <em>Enterobacteriaceae</em> family in broiler chicken (<em>Gallus domesticus</em>) meat sold in the West Surabaya market. This research is a descriptive observational type using a cross-sectional approach. The population in this study was broiler chicken meat taken from broiler traders in several markets in West Surabaya which had met the inclusion and exclusion criteria with a large sample of 50 samples. Then the data were analyzed using the chi-square test. The results of the analysis showed that 13 samples produced ESBL. The prevalence of <em>Enterobacteriaceae</em> bacteria producing ESBL in broiler chicken (<em>Gallus domesticus</em>) meat in several markets in West Surabaya is 26% of the 50 samples used. The results of the chi-square test showed that there was no significant difference between locations where ESBL was found.Kadek Rio RisnandaMasfufatun MasfufatunAgusniar Furkani ListyawatiKuntaman KuntamanAkhmad Sudibya
Copyright (c) 2023 Kadek Rio Risnanda, Masfufatun, Agusniar Furkani Listyawati, Kuntaman, Akhmad Sudibya
2023-11-092023-11-0912260761010.14421/biomedich.2023.122.607-610Effect of Citrullus lanatus Seeds Extract on Haematological Parameters After Administration with Medroxyprogesterone Acetate on Female Wistar Rats
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/408
This study was carried out to investigate the effect of <em>Citrullus lanatus </em>seeds extract on the haematological parameters after administration with medroxyprogesterone acetate on female Wistar rats. Twenty-five rats weighing 170-230 g were divided into five groups containing five rats each. Group I served as control and received only rat chow and water; Group II received rat chow, water and a high dose of MPA only; Group III received rat chow, water, a high dose of MPA and a high dose of extract; group IV received rat chow, water, high dose of MPA and a low dose of extract, and group V received rat chow, water and high dose of extract only. The administration lasted for twenty-eight days after two weeks of acclimatisation. On the twenty-ninth day, the animals were anaesthetised using chloroform, sacrificed and their blood samples obtained via cardiac puncture for haematology analysis. The results showed that the level of haematological parameters significantly increased (p<0.05) in the rats that received a high dose of MPA and a high dose of <em>Citrullus lanatus</em> seed extract compared to the control group. This suggests that MPA affects bone marrow, which produces blood cells, significantly decreasing platelet count, white blood cell count, red blood cell count, haemoglobin count, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. This study also shows that an aqueous extract of <em>Citrullus lanatus</em> seed is potent in increasing the level of haematological parameters when co-administered with MPA.Michael Chuks Nnumolu
Copyright (c) 2023 Michael Chuks Nnumolu
2023-11-102023-11-1012261161710.14421/biomedich.2023.122.611-617Investigating the Insecticidal Properties of Alangium salviifolium Root Extracts on Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquitoe
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/410
This study evaluated the effectiveness of successive hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts of <em>Alangium salviifolium</em> roots in combating mosquito-borne diseases caused by <em>Culex quinquefasciatus</em> mosquitoe in India. The hexane extract showed the highest efficacy with LC<sub>50</sub> values of 105.0 ppm (larvicidal activity), 108.0 ppm (pupicidal activity), and 65.6 ppm (ovicidal activity). The chloroform extract had LC<sub>50 </sub>values of 156.8 ppm (larvicidal), 376.0 ppm (pupicidal), and 20.0 ppm (ovicidal), while the methanol extract had LC<sub>50</sub> values of 235.7 ppm (larvicidal), 441.8 ppm (pupicidal), and 30.4 ppm (ovicidal). The hexane extract of <em>A. salviifolium</em> roots shows potential as a mosquito control agent, specifically against <em>Cx. quinquefasciatus</em> mosquitoes. Further studies are needed to assess the safety and effectiveness of this extract. This research highlights the potential of plant extracts as alternative mosquito control agents for mitigating mosquito-borne diseases in India.Alex YagooM.C. John MiltonJelin Vilvest
Copyright (c) 2023 Alex Yagoo, M.C. John Milton, Jelin Vilvest
2023-12-282023-12-2812261962410.14421/biomedich.2023.122.619-624Developing Virtual Herbarium of Sunan Kalijaga Islamic State University as a Plant Taxonomy Complementary Lab Work Material
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/484
This research combines the fields of biology, photography, graphic design, and informatics. This study aims to develop a virtual herbarium museum through website media. The research was done to improve the accessibility and sharing of data (<em>free access</em>) herbarium. Website development was performed using the SDLC (<em>Systems Development Life Cycle</em>) which consists of 5 (five) steps, namely planning a strategic website development plan, determining the scope of development, analyzing the required needs, designing and implementing website creation and testing. Based on the results of system testing and implementation, it can be concluded that the virtual herbarium museum has been successfully built as a plant taxonomy complementary lab work material.Muhammad Ja’far LuthfiRiyanto RiyantoWidodo Widodo
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Ja’far Luthfi, Riyanto Riyanto, Widodo Widodo
2024-01-292024-01-2912262563010.14421/biomedich.2023.122.625-630Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity Analysis of N-Hexane Extract of Sonneratia alba Mangrove Leaves
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/419
Mangrove plants have been widely used by people in various regions of Indonesia as traditional medicine for the treatment of wounds, fever, diarrhea, and others. Extreme habitat in coastal areas with high salinity and low oxygen level makes mangrove plants produce a variety of unique secondary metabolites and are rich in antioxidants. Although there have been studies on phytochemicals and antioxidant activity conducted, the study of mangroves in Bali, Indonesia, has not been widely explored. This study aims to determine the compounds contained in mangrove leaf extract and their antioxidant activity. The species to be studied is <em>Sonneratia alba,</em> which is commonly found in the Ngurah Rai Mangrove Forest, Bali, Indonesia. In this experimental study, compound extraction was carried out by maceration method using n-hexane solvent. Phytochemical screening using qualitative methods and GC-MS was carried out to determine the phytochemical compounds in the extract, while 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method was used to determine antioxidant activity. The result showed that the n-hexane <em>S. alba</em> mangrove leaves extract display strong antioxidant activity with IC<sub>50</sub> value of 64.432 ± 7.675 ppm. The qualitative phytochemical tests showed that the extract contained phenol and steroid, which are known to have antioxidant properties. Moreover, GC-MS analysis showed that there are two compounds with the largest %area namely gamma-sitosterol and dl-alpha-tocopherol (52.88% and 7.77%, respectively), which have been reported to have antioxidant activities. To conclude, these findings demonstrate that n-hexane extract of <em>S. alba</em> mangrove leaves from Ngurah Rai Mangrove Forest, Bali, to have potential antioxidant activity.Putu Rissa Almadea SuryaMade Dharmesti WijayaDesak Putu Citra Udiyani
Copyright (c) 2023 Putu Rissa Almadea Surya, Made Dharmesti Wijaya, Desak Putu Citra Udiyani
2024-01-312024-01-3112263163510.14421/biomedich.2023.122.631-635The Therapeutic Potential of Cola nitida in Health and Disease: A Review
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/449
<p><em>Cola nitida</em>, also known as Kola nut, is a tropical plant native to West Africa and has a rich history of traditional medicinal use. In this narrative review, we aim to provide an overview of the protective effects of <em>Cola nitida</em> in various health and disease states. <em>Cola nitida</em> has been traditionally used for its medicinal properties, and its bioactive compounds include caffeine, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and phenolics. These compounds contribute to its potential therapeutic effects. Here, we examine the potential benefits of <em>Cola nitida</em> in several areas of health, discussing its role in cognitive function, cardiovascular health, immune system function, gastrointestinal health, and metabolic and endocrine health. Relevant original articles available from PubMed, African Journals Online (AJOL), SCOPUS, and Google Scholar were retrieved using the keywords “cola” AND “nitida” without date restriction until July 17, 2023. Evidence suggests that <em>Cola nitida</em> may have positive effects on health, with indications of adverse effects only from its chronic usage. However, more research is needed to establish its efficacy and safety. <em>Cola nitida</em> holds promise as a natural remedy for various health conditions. Understanding the benefits and limitations of <em>Cola nitida</em> will contribute to its effective utilization in health and disease management.</p>Kamaldeen Olalekan SanusiUmar Zayyanu UsmanDawoud UsmanKehinde Ahmad AdeshinaYaaqub Abiodun UthmanLukman JimohAminat Omolola Imam-Fulani
Copyright (c) 2023 Kamaldeen Olalekan Sanusi, Umar Zayyanu Usman, Dawoud Usman, Kehinde Ahmad Adeshina, Yaaqub Abiodun Uthman, Lukman Jimoh, Aminat Omolola Imam-Fulani
2024-01-312024-01-3112263764310.14421/biomedich.2023.122.637-643Potency of Biocoagulant from Cationic Modified Starch of Balbis Banana Blossom Waste for Palm Oil Wastewater Treatment: Literature Study
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/422
Lampung is one of the provinces producing Indonesia's second-largest banana crop. Operational activities at the Palm Oil Mill produce a by-product of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME), which can potentially be the most enormous environmental pollution. Communities often use chemicals to treat liquid waste, which causes health problems, cannot be decomposed, and can damage the environment. Therefore, treating liquid waste using organic materials that are more environmentally friendly, safe for health and easily degraded is necessary. By modifying cationic starch, natural polymers found in banana blossom waste may be utilized for producing natural biocoagulant that are more effective. This paper aims to review the potential of cationic-modified balbis banana blossom waste starch as a natural biocoagulant for processing palm oil waste. Starch was first modified into cationic starch by etherification method with the help of HMMAHC cationic reagents. The mechanism of cationic starch as a biocoagulant is the exchange of starch cation ions and waste anions to form bridges between colloidal particles and then form flocs that can precipitate. The implementation technique of this idea is by collaborating with several parties to ensure the successful use of banana hump starch as a biocoagulant material, providing support and facilities for the industry and promoting the use of biocoagulant, conducting literature studies related to the use of banana hump starch as a natural biocoagulant, testing the effectiveness of biocoagulant, implemented in the palm oil processing industry.Esa Ghanim FadhallahAlif Fikri Nur HidayatArfika Julya SaffanahBella Amanda IswahyudiDiah Shihatin WasalamahEka Cahyani PutriNadila NingtiasYana Hijriyatin Ummi
Copyright (c) 2024 Esa Ghanim Fadhallah, Alif Fikri Nur Hidayat, Arfika Julya Saffanah, Bella Amanda Iswahyudi, Diah Shihatin Wasalamah, Eka Cahyani Putri, Nadila Ningtias, Yana Hijriyatin Ummi
2024-01-312024-01-3112264564910.14421/biomedich.2023.122.645-649Identification and Toxicity Profiling of Column Fractions of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Ziziphus mauritiana
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/440
Different plants may contain varying amounts of phytochemicals and also different degrees of toxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemicals present in the most active column fraction of ethanol leaf extract of the <em>Ziziphus</em> <em>mauritiana</em> plant and their toxic effects using brine shrimp lethality assay and animal model. Crude ethanol extract was obtained by maceration while fraction was achieved using a column chromatography experiment. Toxicity was evaluated with brine shrimp lethality assay and albino rat’s models while characterization was achieved with liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry. <em>Ziziphus mauritiana</em> leaves revealed 42 fractions pooled into seven fractions. Fraction three (3) was the most toxic with the brine shrimp lethality assay of (31.48ug/ml) and its toxicological evaluation revealed an adverse effect on the hematological parameter, biochemical indices, and histo-architecture of the liver and kidney of the experimental model studied. LCMS analysis of the most toxic fraction revealed the presence of Antirrhinoside, Lucidumol A, Apigenin 7-glucuronide-4'-(6''-malonylglucoside), Dioscoreside C, Camellioside D, and others which have been reported for various pharmacological effects including adverse effects, The mode of toxicity may be synergistic, individual, or antagonistic which may explain the moderate toxicity observed in animal model. Administration of these fractions may lead to toxicity despite their potential.Tajudeen Alowonle OwolarafeSalawu Kailani
Copyright (c) 2024 Tajudeen Alowonle Owolarafe, Salawu Kailani
2024-02-042024-02-0412265166210.14421/biomedich.2023.122.651-662Prevalence and Biofilm-forming Potentials of Bacterial Uropathogens Among Primary School Pupils in Yola North, Adamawa State
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/447
This investigation aimed to determine the prevalence and biofilm-forming potentials of bacterial uropathogenic among primary school pupils in Yola North, Adamawa State. A total of 120 clean mid-stream urine samples were collected from apparently healthy children to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated pathogen by the Kirby and Bauer disc diffusion method while the biofilm-forming potential by the standard methods. The result showed 26 % of the samples had significant bacteria growth with the Gram-negative as the highest. The infectivity pattern among the age group showed 8-10 had the highest infectivity percentage (35%) followed by 5-7 and 11-13 with 22.5% and 20% respectively. Six bacteria pathogens were isolated which are <em>E. coli</em> (41.9%) which is the most prevalent isolate followed by <em>Staphylococcus aureus </em>(29.0%)<em>, Pseudomonas </em>sp<em>. </em>(9.7%), <em>Klebsiella </em>sp.<em> </em>(9.7%),<em> Enterobacter </em>sp.<em> </em>(6.5%), <em>Proteus </em>sp<em>. </em>(3.3%). The antibiotic sensitivity test showed an alarming resistance level to nearly all the tested antibiotics showing multi-drug resistant strains. The Biofilm-forming potentials depict <em>E. coli</em> with the strongest potential followed by S<em>. aureus</em>. A high occurrence of asymptomatic UTIs and antimicrobial resistance observed poses a public health concern. Thus, routine diagnostic exercise is recommended for early detection and prompt treatment of the pathogens.Abdulazeez Mumsiri AbakaMubarak Muhammad DahiruIbrahim Ya'uTukur Baba Abdulllahi
Copyright (c) 2024 Abdulazeez Mumsiri Abaka, Mubarak Muhammad Dahiru, Ibrahim Ya'u, Tukur Baba Abdulllahi
2024-02-042024-02-0412266366910.14421/biomedich.2023.122.663-669An Overview of The Total Leukocyte Count in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients at RSUD Gambiran Kediri City
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/397
The leukocyte count examination in tuberculosis infection serves to monitor the inflammation caused by <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em>. An increasing leukocyte count can lead to complications such as pleuritis. The purpose of this study was to determine the total leukocyte count of pulmonary tuberculosis patients at RSUD Gambiran, Kediri City, based on gender and age. This research was a descriptive retrospective study. Data analysis was conducted using Microsoft Excel and presented in the form of tables and diagrams. The results of this study showed that pulmonary tuberculosis infection was more prevalent in males, with 26 individuals (62%) affected. In terms of age groups, the highest infection rate was in the 21-60 years age range, with 30 individuals (71%) affected. As for leukocyte count elevation (leukocytosis), it was more commonly observed in males with a count of 14.57 µL. In terms of age groups, leukocytosis was frequently observed in the 21-60 years age range, with a count of 48.66 µL. Out of the 42 samples, 19 individuals had a normal leukocyte count, while the remaining 23 individuals experienced leukocytosis. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that not all pulmonary tuberculosis patients experience leukocytosis; some patients maintain a normal leukocyte count.Devi Nor FitriLisa SavitriRochmad KrissanjayaElfred Rinaldo Kasimo
Copyright (c) 2024 Devi Nor Fitri, Lisa Savitri, Rochmad Krissanjaya, Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo
2024-03-132024-03-1312267167410.14421/biomedich.2023.122.671-674Bioactivity of Vernonia arborea Leaves from Bentian Tribe as Natural Antioxidant and Antibacterial Based on Local Knowledge
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/418
The utilization of natural organic materials as raw materials for standardized medicine, including the use of organic materials in medicine manufacture are currently being encouraged by the Government. Based on the information from Bentian Tribe people, <em>Vernonia arborea</em> leaf or Kutu Bu’ut leaf has the potential to be developed as natural medicine derived from plants. This study explored the potential of <em>V.arborea</em> leaf for its phytochemicals screening by Harborne, Kokate and Senthilmurugan method, antioxidant analysis was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging assay. Antibacterial analysis was examined using agar well diffusion method against <em>Escherichia coli</em> and <em>Propionibacterium acnes</em>. The results showed that the <em>V.arborea</em> leaf contained alkaloid on n-hexan extract and coumarin on ethyl acetate extract. Ethanol extract from <em>V.arborea</em> leaf contained alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, and carbohydrate. Antioxidant activity showed that the highest inhibition by 83% at 50 ppm consentration of ethanol solvent. Antibacterial activity of <em>E. coli</em> and <em>P.acnes</em> showed that the highest inhibition zone by 12 mm and 11 mm at 400 µg/well of ethanol extract. Based on the results, the <em>V.arborea</em> leaf contains natural bioactivity and has potential to be further developed as a natural traditional medicine.Nur Maulida SariHumairo AzizaFarida AryaniMurdianto Murdianto
Copyright (c) 2024 Nur Maulida Sari, Humairo Aziza, Farida Aryani, Murdianto
2024-03-142024-03-1412267568010.14421/biomedich.2023.122.675-680In vivo Alpha-amylase and Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitory Potentials of Panicum maximum Jacq. (Guinea grass) Leaf Extract on Wister Rats
https://sciencebiology.org/index.php/BIOMEDICH/article/view/438
<p><em>Panicum maximum </em>Jacq. (Guinea grass) a medicinal plant used traditionally in the treatment of diseases including diabetes was evaluated for its effect on alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzymes <em>in vivo</em>. The crude ethanol extracts (150, 300 and 450 mg/kg) of <em>P. maximum </em>were investigated using starch, sucrose, glucose and maltose as substrates and acarbose as reference drug. The leaf extract caused significant (p<0.05) reduction in blood glucose levels of the treated rats with the four substrates used. The findings show that the leaf extract of <em>Panicum maximum </em>has the potentials to inhibit alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase in rats.</p>Godwin Ndarake EninJude Efiom OkokonEnobong Mfon DavidSaviour Elisha EmmanuelEsther Michael EkanemBassey Sunday Antia
Copyright (c) 2024 Godwin Ndarake Enin, Jude Efiom Okokon, Enobong Mfon David, Saviour Elisha Emmanuel, Esther Michael Ekanem, Bassey Sunday Antia
2024-03-142024-03-1412268168510.14421/biomedich.2023.122.681-685